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Introduction – Tobacco control laws are one of the most effective means aimed to combat the widespread use of tobacco. Pakistan has come a long way in getting a grip on this pandemic, however much is yet to be done. With the poor implementation of laws, tobacco companies are able to capitalize on this to boost the sale of their products among the population. Methods – A cross-sectional study was done in which data regarding tobacco packaging was collected from various shops that deal with the sale of cigarettes. This data was then compiled and compared with tobacco control laws to determine the compliance of brands with local packaging laws. Results – A total of 100 brands were collected and analyzed, out of which 55 were local and 45 were manufactured internationally. From the entire sample, only 28% of the brands were following every protocol laid down by the Ministry of Health. Conclusion – This study was able to portray poor adherence to tobacco packaging laws of various tobacco companies operating in Pakistan. Majority of the brands were seen to be lacking in at least one component of the law, which shows poor implementation and enforcement of policies. There is a dire need for Pakistan to promote more effective means of tobacco control through the implementation of strict guidelines.

Aims: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the frequency, distribution and determinants of tongue lesions in our teaching institute. Also to find an association of common tongue lesions with various study variables. Study Design: Cross-sectional study design. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Fatima Jinnah Dental College & Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. All the lesions presented on the tongue were included reported from January 2017 to December 2020. Methodology: There were 670 oral lesions documented in the Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine out of which 93 (13.8%) represented tongue lesions. We included 93 patients with tongue lesions (45 men, 48 women; age range 18-80 years). These lesions include the atrophic tongue, geographic tongue, candidiasis, keratotic lesion, ulceration, oral pigmentation, fibroma, black hairy tongue, traumatic neuroma, herpes infection, oral submucous fibrosis, and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Results: In the study, common clinical presentations on the tongue were ulceration (29%), erythematous/depapillated tongue (22.6%), white keratotic and plaque-like lesions (21.6%), and black discoloration (8.6%). The clinical presentation was statistically associated with gender (p=0.03), age (p=0.04) and site of lesion (p<.001). Atrophic glossitis (19.4%), traumatic ulcer (12.9%), pseudomembranous candidiasis (12.9%), oral pigmentation (8.6%), oral squamous cell carcinoma (7.5%), geographic tongue (6.5%), recurrent aphthous stomatitis (6.5%), and frictional keratosis (6.5%) were most commonly reported tongue lesions. There was a relationship of tongue lesions with causes and site of the lesion (P<0.001). Conclusion: Initial tongue lesions may reflect underlying massive abnormal changes and this could be an early diagnostic parameter.  Through vigilant screening of the oral mucosa, we may be able to detect such mucosal alterations and search out the possible cause in order to provide effective treatment to the patient. In this way, we may also prevent the malignant transformation of any susceptible oral lesions.

Background: Students at pre clinical level at Fatima Jinnah Dental College are taught root canal treatment on endodontic typodonts. Technical quality of the root canal treatments performed by these students was assessed to determine success of teaching methodology and reinforcement of tooth morphology concepts. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, obturation quality of 20 anterior and 30 posterior endodontic typodonts were evaluated on the parameters of length, density and taper. The collected data was evaluated using SPSS software, version 20.0. Chi square analysis was applied to compare the quality of root canal obturation between types of tooth. Kappa statistics was used for inter examiner reliability. Results: After assessing the three variables, adequate length control was observed in (92.9%), while 7.1% of under filling was seen in both groups. Percentage of teeth showed homogeneity in obturation density that is 30%, 60% teeth showed acceptable, whereas 10% showed unacceptable obturation homogeneity. 55.6% teeth showed perfect obturation taper and 4% showed acceptable. Conclusion: The obtained results showed root canal treatment quality done by Fatima Jinnah Dental College undergraduate dental students to be adequate on anterior endodontic typodont teeth as compared to posterior endodontic teeth. This will guide us in utilizing further demonstration hours and more practice time on posterior endodontic teeth. Our study also displayed the need of incorporating hands on practice of root canal treatments on extracted teeth before students are allowed to work on patients. Keywords: Root Canal Treatment, Endodontic Typodont, Obturation, Preclinical.