Energy efficiency means reducing amount of energy required to produce goods and services. Improving energy efficiency is an important issue concerning reduction of energy dependency, energy security, competitiveness and sustainable growth, as well as environmental concerns and climate change. In the literature, changes in aggregate energy intensity are decomposed into real energy intensity effect and structural change effect with the help of Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method. In this study, the energy efficiency of agriculture, industry and services and the effectiveness of the policies followed are revealed for the period 2003-2017. In addition, the energy efficiency of the sub-sectors is examined to determine the importance of the energy intensive sectors.

This study aims to discuss the manufacturing and service sectors' productivity performances of Turkey during the 2000s. In order to get some ideas how structural changes are directed during the 2000s in Turkish manufacturing, shift-share analysis is applied in this study. The results reflect that between 2003 and 2007, in all manufacturing categories, labor productivity has decreased while during the period between 2010 and 2015, labor productivity has increased in all manufacturing categories. Labor productivity further increased for all groups, but at a slower pace for medium-low-technology categories and stagnant for high-technology industries during the period between 2016 and 2018. Labor productivity in the service sector shows a somewhat different pattern than that seen in manufacturing in terms of periods. Particularly in high-tech service groups, the static shift toward relatively lower labor productivity sectors has been observed for almost all periods. In less-knowledge-intensive services, labor productivity decreased in the first period, but increased most notably during the 2010-2015 period. The results supposedly imply that there is some room for discussion of the role of industrial policies, particularly in the post-2010 period. Moreover, after 2016, the change in the political and economic environment offers some clues in understanding the productivity changes in the manufacturing sector.

In Turkish economy after the 2000s there has been a rapid transformation in the sectoral structure. Especially in the service sector, a rapid growth rate has emerged and the total production and employment share of the agricultural sector has decreased significantly. The transformation in the sectoral structure has also affected macroeconomic variables. The structure of economic growth stands out related to the aspects of the structure of the labour market, foreign trade balance and income distribution. The phenomenon of feminization of the labour highlights some of the qualitative disadvantages that arise, despite the increased employment opportunities for women. While low wage problem, concentration in low value-added sectors, informal work, etc problems arise, income inequality also increases. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of the sectoral transformation in Turkish economy on the process of the feminization of the labour. According to the observations, it can be said that after the 2000s, although female employment has increased rapidly in the service sector, the qualitative improvement in the labour market has been insufficient and has not contributed to the relieving of the income distribution problem in particular.