Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for all organisms. In crop plants, Fe deficiency can decrease crop yield significantly; however, our current understanding of how major crops respond to Fe deficiency remains limited. Herein, the effect of Fe deprivation at both the transcriptomic and metabolic level in hexaploid wheat was investigated. Genome-wide gene expression reprogramming was observed in wheat roots subjected to Fe starvation, with a total of 5854 genes differentially expressed. Homoeologue and subgenome-specific analysis unveiled the induction-biased contribution from the A and B genomes. In general, the predominance of genes coding for nicotianamine synthase, yellow stripe-like transporters, metal transporters, ABC transporters, and zinc-induced facilitator-like protein was noted. Expression of genes related to the Strategy II mode of Fe uptake was also predominant. Our transcriptomic data were in agreement with the GC-MS analysis that showed the enhanced accumulation of various metabolites such as fumarate, malonate, succinate, and xylofuranose, which could be contributing to Fe mobilization. Interestingly, Fe starvation leads to a significant temporal increase of glutathione S-transferase at both the transcriptional level and enzymatic activity level, which indicates the involvement of glutathione in response to Fe stress in wheat roots. Taken together, our result provides new insight into the wheat response to Fe starvation at the molecular level and lays the foundation to design new strategies for the improvement of Fe nutrition in crops.
Viral infections constantly jeopardize the global public health due to lack of effective antiviral therapeutics. Therefore, there is an imperative need to speed up the drug discovery process to identify novel and efficient drug candidates. In this study, we have developed quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR)-based models for predicting antiviral compounds (AVCs) against deadly viruses like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), human herpesvirus (HHV) and 26 others using publicly available experimental data from the ChEMBL bioactivity database. Support vector machine (SVM) models achieved a maximum Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.72, 0.74, 0.66, 0.68, and 0.71 in regression mode and a maximum Matthew's correlation coefficient 0.91, 0.93, 0.70, 0.89, and 0.71, respectively, in classification mode during 10-fold cross-validation. Furthermore, similar performance was observed on the independent validation sets. We have integrated these models in the AVCpred web server, freely available at http://crdd.osdd.net/servers/avcpred. In addition, the datasets are provided in a searchable format. We hope this web server will assist researchers in the identification of potential antiviral agents. It would also save time and cost by prioritizing new drugs against viruses before their synthesis and experimental testing.
Oligopeptide transporters (OPT) are integral cell membrane proteins that play a critical role in the transport of small peptides, secondary amino acids, glutathione conjugates, and mineral uptake. In the present study, 67 putative wheat yellow stripe-like transporter (YSL) proteins belonging to the subfamily of OPT transporters were identified. Phylogeny analysis resulted in the distribution of wheat YSLs into four discrete clades. The highest number of YSLs was present on the A genome and the chromosome 2 of hexaploid wheat. The identified wheat YSL genes showed differential expression in different tissues and during grain development suggesting the importance of this subfamily. Gene expression pattern of TaYSLs during iron starvation experiments suggested an early high transcript accumulation of TaYS1A, TaYS1B, TaYSL3, TaYSL5, and TaYSL6 in roots. In contrast, delayed expression was observed in shoots for TaYS1A, TaYS1B, TaYSL5, TaYSL12, and TaYSL19 as compared to control. Further, their expression under biotic and abiotic response emphasized their alternative functions during the plant growth and development. In conclusion, this work is the first comprehensive study of wheat YSL transporters and would be an important resource for prioritizing genes towards wheat biofortification.
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