Based on empirical findings and theoretical considerations related to the field of expertise research, the importance of Btypes^and Bqualities^of knowledge in relation to problem solving in physics was investigated. The students (N = 138) in this study had a level of competence that corresponds to an intensive beginner college course in physics. It was found that conceptual declarative knowledge and problem scheme knowledge are excellent predictors of problem solving performance. However, a detailed analysis shows that the first knowledge type is more typical for low achievers (novices) in physics problem solving whereas the second type is predominately used by high achievers (experts). Regarding types and qualities of knowledge and their relations to problem solving, the results of a multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS) indicate that two dimensions of knowledge can be distinguished. On the extreme limits of the first dimension, which could be named Bproblem solving relevance vs. structure of discipline^, are the types of knowledge and the qualities of knowledge, respectively. The second dimension of knowledge could be named Bsingle knowledge elements vs. organised knowledge units^. There are types of knowledge as well as qualities of knowledge distributed along this dimension. Consequences of these results for improving physics education are discussed.KEY WORDS: domain-specific knowledge, expertise research, physics, problem solving, qualities of knowledge, types of knowledge THEORETICAL BACKGROUND It is a much-lamented fact that students often do not succeed in applying knowledge which they have acquired in lessons to solve problems given in school or in everyday life contexts. This circumstance seems to apply especially to science lessons. In this article the importance of different kinds of knowledge in relation to problem solving will be discussed. Furthermore, it is asked in which way the knowledge of good and Fless good_ problem-solvers in the subject of physics differ from one another.Our research is based on the expertise-approach: we compare students with good achievements in physics problem solving (Bexperts^) and students with fewer achievements (Bnovices^). There is no commonly
Background: Increasingly, high dropout rates in science courses at colleges and universities have led to discussions of causes and potential support measures of students. Students' prior knowledge is repeatedly mentioned as the best predictor of academic achievement. Theory describes four hierarchically ordered types of prior knowledge, from declarative knowledge of facts to procedural application of knowledge. This study explores the relevance of these four prior knowledge types to academic achievement in the introductory phase of the two science subjects, biology and physics. Results: We assessed the knowledge types at the beginning and student achievement (measured by course completion) at the end of the first study year. We applied logistic regression models to evaluate the relationship between the knowledge types and academic achievement. First, we controlled for a well-established predictor of academic achievement (high school grade point average). Second, we added the knowledge types as predictors. For biology, we found that only knowledge about principles and concepts was a significant predictor in the first year. For physics, knowledge about concepts and principles as well as the ability to apply knowledge to problems was related to academic achievement. Conclusion: Our results concerning the knowledge types, which are of special relevance in biology and physics studies, could lead to effective measures, e.g. for identifying at-risk students and course guidance. Furthermore, the results provide a profound starting point for controlled intervention studies that systematically foster the identified relevant knowledge types in each subject and aim at a theory-and empirical-based optimization of pre-and introductory courses.
Sound is an interesting topic for physics lessons at all ages. However, it is difficult to illustrate this ubiquitous phenomenon and many models do not adequately represent the properties of sound and thus promote unwanted conceptions. The experiment presented here avoids this by visualising sound itself with the help of the schlieren technique. For this purpose, an easily reproducible variant of a schlieren setup is presented. The simple setup is described in detail.
Few teaching concepts have received as much attention in recent years as the Flipped Classroom (FC). This is clearly linked to media attention on the concept, which is currently being intensified by the Corona pandemic. In this research, the media rise of the concept is explained and the discrepancy between popularity and empirically validated research results is clarified. While the literature basis for the FC has grown enormously over the last decade, reviews and initial meta-analyses have shown, through their filter criteria, that not many of studies can meet scientific standards. The comparison of individual studies is particularly difficult, because there is no uniformly accepted framework and no uniform definition of the concept. For this reason, one of the goals of this research was to give an overview of the variety of FC definitions, discuss its most controversial characteristics, and to provide the key elements for a definition of the FC. A comparison of selected studies and reviews shows an assessment of the effectiveness of the teaching concept. The findings shed light on potential problems and challenges, and provide directions for future research. Keywords: active learning, digitalization of education, e-learning, flipped classroom
Zusammenfassung Das Themengebiet Quantenphysik gilt als gleichermaßen bedeutend wie herausfordernd für den Physikunterricht in der Schule. Die Erzeugung einer empirischen Basis für die Konstruktion von Leitlinien für eine im besonderen Maße adressatenspezifische Lehrerfortbildung zum Thema Quantenphysik ist Gegenstand dieses Beitrags. Die Didaktische Rekonstruktion zur Erarbeitung von Leitlinien für Lehrerfortbildungen leitet die vorgestellte Untersuchung. Basis der Rekonstruktion bilden die Analyse von bestehenden Konzepten zum Quantenphysikunterricht in der Schule und die empirische Erhebung von Sichtweisen der Lehrenden auf diese. Der Fokus liegt in diesem Beitrag auf der Erhebung und Auswertung der Sichtweisen von Lehrenden. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine iterative Kommunikationstechnik zur Erhebung und Quantifizierung von Expertenmeinungen verwendet, die Delphi-Methode, welche in der fachdidaktischen Forschung etabliert ist. Als Ergebnis der Didaktischen Rekonstruktion werden sechs Leitlinien vorgestellt, die Dozenten bei der Planung und Durchführung der Fortbildung unterstützen. Die Leitlinien implizieren eine Fortbildung, die den Weg von der klassischen zur Quantenphysik beschreitet und dabei Schlüsselexperimente in das Zentrum stellt.
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