Chlorogenic acid (CGA), an ester with various pharmacological effects, is important in cancer therapy. However, the specific antitumor mechanism of CGA is not entirely clear, especially with respect to its suppression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The present study was carried out to assess the effect of CGA on NSCLC, and the mechanism involved. Cell viability assay and colony formation assay revealed that CGA blocked the proliferative capacity of NSCLC cells in vitro. Results from the migration assay suggested that CGA also inhibited the migration of A549 cells. Other assays further revealed that CGA strongly and selectively inhibited histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) activity and suppressed the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) through decreased expression of Ac-NF-κB. Tumorigenicity assay showed that CGA also inhibited the proliferation and metabolism of NSCLC in vivo. These results indicate that CGA significantly suppresses the proliferation of NSCLC by regulating the activity of histone deacetylase 6.

The Qinling Mountain Range (QMR) spans a large region in China and is an important area of hominin activities. Many Paleolithic sites are found in Bahe, South Luohe, and Hanjiang river valleys in the northern, eastern, and southern part of the range, respectively. The Danjiang River valley acts as a channel connecting these valleys and stretches from the north to the south of the QMR. The previous dating of the Paleolithic sites in the Danjiang valley mainly relied on geomorphologic comparison, stratigraphic correlation, fossil characteristics, and Paleolithic artifacts, indicating a lack of absolute data. In this study, we conducted a detailed geochronological investigation of the entire valley, and selected an ideal site-the Miaokou profile. Based on the identification of the loess-paleosol sequences, optically stimulated luminescence, and magnetostratigraphy, the Paleolithic artifacts of the Miaokou site located within the S5 and S6 layers of the profile belong to ~0.6-0.7 Ma. This suggests that the Paleolithic site is an old site in the Danjiang River valley, and this period also witnessed a rapid increase in the number of hominin sites during the Middle Pleistocene. Combining our results with previous reports across the QMR, we propose that the Danjiang River valley might have been a corridor for hominin migration, and is worthy of further investigation.

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