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Traditionally, transfer RNAs (tRNAs) specifically decoded messenger RNA (mRNA) and participated in protein translation. tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs), also known as tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), are generated by the specific cleavage of pre- and mature tRNAs and are a class of newly defined functional small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs). Following the different cleavage positions of precursor or mature tRNA, tRFs are classified into seven types, 5′-tRNA half, 3′-tRNA half, tRF-1, 5′U-tRF, 3′-tRF, 5′-tRF, and i-tRF. It has been demonstrated that tRFs have a diverse range of biological functions in cellular processes, which include inhibiting protein translation, modulating stress response, regulating gene expression, and involvement in cell cycles and epigenetic inheritance. Emerging evidences have indicated that tRFs in extracellular vesicles (EVs) seem to act as regulatory molecules in various cellular processes and play essential roles in cell-to-cell communication. Furthermore, the dysregulation of EV-associated tRFs has been associated with the occurrence and progression of a variety of cancers and they can serve as novel potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. In this review, the biogenesis and classification of tRFs are summarized, and the biological functions of EV-associated tRFs and their roles as potential biomarkers in human diseases are discussed.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative microaerobic bacterium that is a common pathogen widely distributed around the world, especially in developing countries. 1 According to statistics from recent years, the H. pylori infection rate in developing countries exceeds 50%. 2 In West Asia, Africa, and South America, the H. pylori infection rate has been reported to be as high as 66.6%, 70.1%, and 69.4%, respectively. 3 H. pylori infection causes persistent damage to human gastric mucosa, leading to a variety of digestive

Background Uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) tightly correlates with dysregulated iron homeostasis. MGST1 (microsomal glutathione S‐transferase 1) involves in the regulation of oxidative stress and plays a key role in inhibiting iron‐mediated cell death in cancer cells. Hence, we aimed to illuminate the characteristics of MGST1 expression and prognosis in UCEC using bioinformatics prediction to provide novel perspectives for theoretical supplementation and ferroptosis‐based immunotherapy. Methods We retrieved MGST1 expression data via several public data portals. The relationships between MGST1 expression and clinicopathologic characteristics as well as survival time were evaluated via multivariate methods and Kaplan–Meier survival curves. The MGST1‐interacting protein–protein interaction was also established by the STRING website. The TIMER and GEPIA databases were used to illustrate the association between MGST1 expression and infiltrated immune cells. We used the MethSurv website and the UALCAN website to determine the relationship between MGST1 expression and DNA methylation. Results MGST1 overexpression in UCEC compared with normal tissues correlates with different histological types, a lack of hormone therapy and poor survival time. MGST1 interacts with several ferroptosis‐related proteins. Overexpression of MGST1 was accompanied by lower levels of NK cell and CD8+ T cell infiltration, higher myeloid‐derived suppressor cell infiltration and different immunocytes with corresponding markers. Hypermethylation and low promoter methylation cooperate to regulate MGST1 expression. Conclusion Elevated MGST1 expression is related to tumour development and poor prognosis, as well as dysregulated infiltration of immune cells in UCEC, which can be a potential prognostic indicator and ferroptosis‐based immunotherapy target.

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