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One way to measure the effectiveness of a specific treatment is to utilize measurements designed specifically for the disorder. Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI) is a subjective self-report scale indicating the latest condition of the patients with shoulder instability. The objective is to study the cultural adaptation, validity, and reliability of WOSI in Turkish population with shoulder disability. First, WOSI was translated and culturally adapted from English into Turkish. Afterward, in order to determine the level of reliability, internal consistency and test-retest analyses were conducted. Reliability (test-retest) analyses were conducted by means of retest 72 h later with a sub-group of 30 patients. Construct validity of the WOSI was checked through convergent validity with Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand Scale, Rowe Score Questionnaire, Oxford Shoulder Instability Questionnaire, and Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index by 60 patients with shoulder instability. The Turkish version of the questionnaire displayed high internal consistency (0.77-0.91) with a Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.91. As for the test-retest reliability, the ICC value was found to be high (95% CI 0.97). Floor and ceiling effects (15%) were observed neither in sub-parameters (0-4.9%) nor in total score (0%). WOSI total score was found to have a negative good correlation with the Rowe Score (r = -0.57) and a very good-excellent correlation with other questionnaires (r = 0.67-0.89). The Turkish version of WOSI is a valid and reliable scale for use in studies to evaluate the final condition of the patients with shoulder disabilities.

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Study Design Prospective study. Purpose To investigate the cross-cultural adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Turkish version of the Back Pain Functional Scale (BPFS). Overview of Literature Low back pain is a common disorder in the population that negatively affects the patient’s daily, professional, and social life. Self-report questionnaires are important to precisely evaluate back pain and making better and appropriate treatment decisions. Currently, there are several questionnaires for investigating mobility in patients with low back pain. Methods We recruited 360 patients with chronic low back pain. For assessing the reliability of the scale, we performed test–retest and internal consistency analyses. Test–retest analysis was performed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Internal consistency was analyzed by calculating Cronbach’s alpha value. Construct validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by comparing total scores on the BPFS with those on Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) using Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis. Results Cronbach’s alpha value was 0.910, indicating high internal consistency. The test–retest reliability was excellent (ICC, 0.958; 95% confidence interval, 0.710–0.908). No floor or ceiling effects were observed. Factor analysis indicated that the scale had a single-factor structure. Pearson correlation coefficient was −0.669 when BPFS was compared with RMDQ and −0.701 when compared with ODI. These values indicate a significant correlation of BPFS with RMDQ and ODI. Conclusions These data indicate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the BPFS.

These findings indicate that KT intervention following the intense exercise protocol reduces muscle soreness. However, it has no effects on maximal quadriceps isometric strength and vertical jump height, as well as serum lactate dehydrogenase, myoglobin, and C-reactive protein levels. Furthermore, KT application after intense exercise also increases serum CK level.