The progression of the primary illness and social determinants of pediatric readmissions are important contributing risk factors for readmission in developing countries in pediatric patients. Multicentric studies are needed from this region of the world to include different hospital readmissions rate and to address the issue of potential preventability of pediatric readmissions.

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Background With the increasing survival of preterm infants, their nutrition becomes an enormous challenge. Adequate nutrition plays an important role in good neurodevelopmental outcomes. Extrauterine growth retardation (EUGR) is defined as discharge weight below 10th percentile of the weight expected for that gestation after plotting on postnatal growth charts. Aims and Objective This study was conducted to assess the incidence of EUGR in preterm babies and its associated risk factors. Material and Methods This was a retrospective medical chart review of neonates admitted from January 2017 to November 2021 to a level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Delhi, India. Eligible neonates were all preterm babies born at <35 completed weeks’ gestation admitted in NICU within 24 hours of birth and survived for at least 7 days. Neonates who died during hospitalization or were born with a major congenital anomaly requiring surgery in immediate neonatal period or with any genetic syndrome were excluded. Results A total of 250 babies were enrolled in the study, out of which 45.2% neonates were EUGR. Factors significantly associated with EUGR status were long duration of hospital stay, lower birth weight, small for gestational age (SGA) at birth, male sex, persistent ductus arteriosus, sepsis, broncho-pulmonary dysplasia, use of total parenteral nutrition, long duration of mechanical ventilation, longer time to reach full feeds, and interruption of feeds. SGA was associated with highest odds of developing EUGR [OR-80.45 (16.96-1441.09), P<0.001 followed by use of TPN [OR-2.86 (1.61-5.08), p<0.001]. Risk of EUGR increased manifold as the number of risk factors increased. Future plans Strategies for prevention of EUGR should focus on prevention of various neonatal morbidities and risk factor reduction during the hospital stay.

Respiratory distress is the most common cause of neonatal admission. Cystic lung lesions are rarer cause of the same. These are heterogeneous lesions with varied antenatal and postnatal manifestations. The outcomes of antenatally diagnosed lung malformations have showed more improvement than previously thought of. With advancement in imaging techniques, more definitive diagnosis and timely intervention, even in-utero interventions, can be planned. Overall, survival rates have also improved over the past 2 decades. A majority of infants are asymptomatic and do not require surgery in neonatal period, and the expectant management is usually followed in most centers, but some may have mass effect and require either in-utero or early neonatal intervention. For asymptomatic lesions, the timing of surgery remains controversial as there are propagators of both early and late intervention. A multidisciplinary team approach is required for its optimal management. We present here a set of 3 babies who were diagnosed as having cystic lung lesions antenatally but later these turned out to be completely different entities.