Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) remains a significant public health problem in Manitoba, Canada although publically-funded pneumococcal conjugate (PCV7 and PCV13) and polysaccharide (PPV23) vaccination programs exist. We analyzed routine surveillance and administrative health data to examine trends in IPD rates as these vaccines were introduced. Data on all individuals with a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of IPD between 2001 and 2014 were obtained from the provincial Communicable Diseases Surveillance database and linked with Manitoba's provincial immunization registry and physician and hospital databases. We calculated IPD incidence rates overall, by serotype and for different population subgroups defined by socio-demographic and clinical (e.g., chronic diseases, immune status) characteristics. Annual IPD incidence (95%CI) was 8.6 (8.2-9.1)/100,000 people during the study period (n = 1092), and rates were higher in recent years and in regions with predominately indigenous populations. Reduction in the incidence of serotypes included in PCV7 have been offset by rising rates of PCV13-only serotypes in children, and more recently by rising rates of PPV-only serotypes and non-vaccine serotypes among young children and older adults (≥ 65 years). Rates were 3 times higher in those with a chronic disease and highest (> 175-fold) among alcoholics, organ-transplant, and chronic kidney failure patients. The case fatality rate was 12.0% within 30 d of diagnosis. Despite the introduction of several vaccination programs, overall rates of IPD have not declined in Manitoba in the last decade, due to increase in incidence of non-PCV7 serotypes. A disproportionately high burden of disease impacts indigenous communities and people with chronic disease.

Background: In children with epilepsy, fever and illness are known triggers for seizure; therefore, clinicians and parents could be concerned that immunization-induced inflammation and fever could also trigger seizures. We sought to estimate the risk of emergency department (ED) visit or hospitalization for epilepsy/seizure and all causes after immunization in children younger than 7 years of age with epilepsy. Methods: We conducted a self-controlled case series of children diagnosed with epilepsy before their 7th birthday and immunized from 2005 to 2015 in Ontario (population 14.2 million) and Manitoba (population 1.3 million), Canada, using administrative healthcare data. We estimated the age- and season-adjusted relative incidence (aRI) of epilepsy/seizure-related and all-cause ED visits/hospitalizations during various risk periods 0–28 days after inactivated and live immunizations versus a control period 35–83 days postimmunization. Estimates from each province were analyzed separately and then combined in a random-effects meta-analysis. Results: The combined risk of epilepsy/seizure-related hospitalization/ED visit was increased 0–2 days after inactivated vaccines (aRI = 1.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.1–1.9) and 7–10 days after live vaccines (aRI = 1.9, 1.4–2.7). For all-cause ED visit/hospitalization, the combined aRI estimate was 0.9 (0.8–1.2) 0–2 days after inactivated vaccines and 1.3 (1.1–1.5) 7–10 days after live vaccines. Conclusions: The risk of epilepsy/seizure-related ED visit/hospitalization was modestly increased among children with epilepsy during peak periods of fever and inflammation following inactivated and live vaccines. These risks must be balanced against the risk of complications from vaccine-preventable diseases.

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as explicitly enjoying the situation, seeking connection with others and feeling content. From the ''broaden-and-build'' theory (Fredrickson 2001), we know that positive feelings, such as joy, love and contentment, are important for the development of personal resources and relationship-building skills, and therefore should be fostered.Second, our study revealed an important gender difference. Female students more often talked about their experiences than men did. Although most medical students are female (68%), we do have a substantial number of male students as well. Our findings pose the question if the needs of our male students are adequately met in an ongoing feminization of the curriculum and the medical workplace.In conclusion, this study reveals many positive responses to emotional clinical experiences. Important implications for medical education are that (a) we should help students recognize and use these positive experiences, (b) the nursing home seems to be particularly suited as a learning environment for medical students, fostering contentment and team spirit, and (c) educators should be aware of gender differences.

Overall, the average direct medical cost of HPV infection was $720 per newborn. The economic burden of HPV remains significant, although changes in cervical screening guidelines, prompted by the introduction of a public HPV vaccine program, appear to have promoted a promising trend towards lower costs.