Background: Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is defined as the presence of actively multiplying bacteria, which is greater than 105/ ml of urine within the urinary tract excluding the distal urethra, at a time when the patient has no symptoms of UTI. Untreated and undiagnosed ASB is associated with adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. The objective was to determine the profile, prevalence, microbiological isolates with susceptibility, and risk factors of ASB among pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic at a tertiary care hospital, Andhra Pradesh, India.Methods: A prospective cross sectional study with 200 pregnant women was conducted for a period of 3 months from January to March 2016. The mid- stream urine specimen was collected and processed from all the cases and social and baseline obstetric data was collected. The isolates from all the cases of ASB were identified by standard biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion method and interpreted as per CLSI guidelines.Results: Prevalence of ASB in our study was 30.5%, mean age of the cases was 27.3± 2.9 years. ASB was most common in 25- 30 year’s age group, during 3rd trimester and among multiparous and multigravidae. Previous history of UTI, pre-eclampsia was having significant association among cases with ASB. Escherichia coli was the predominant isolate in the study followed by K. pneumoniae, CONS (Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci), Staphylococcus aureus, citrobacter and Enterococci.Conclusions: Undiagnosed and untreated asymptomatic bacteriuria is associated with complications during pregnancy. Hence routine screening of antenatal women during all trimesters must be considered in preventing the complications and adverse foetal outcomes particularly with known risk factors like increasing age, multiparity and previous history of UTI.

Background: Infertility globally is a raising threat and problem associated with significant social and psychological problem. Infertility currently affects about 10 to 14 percent of the Indian population, with higher rates in urban areas where one out of six couples is impacted. Patency of the tubes, structure of uterus and cervix can be visualized by hysterosalpingogram which is a simple safer inexpensive investigation of choice in cases of infertility. Objective of this study was to study the role of hysterosalpingography (HSG) in cases of primary and secondary infertility and to observe the structural abnormalities of cervix, uterus and fallopian tubes.Methods: A two year prospective study was conducted on cases of primary and secondary infertility attending the OPD of infertility clinic. HSG was performed on the subjects included in study and findings were noted. Analysis was done by Microsoft excel spread sheet.Results: A total of 286 cases with 11.19% of primary infertility and 88.81% of secondary infertility evaluated by HSG. Mean age of the study group was 35.16±2.8 years. 74.83% had abnormal findings, with 20.28% having normal uterine cavity with uterine filling defect being the common abnormality. Two congenital anomalies of uterus were noted. Tubal occlusion was seen in 8.39% right and 9.09% left cases. Hydrosalpinx was observed in 7.69% of right and 9.79% of left cases.Conclusions: To conclude, women presenting with infertility should be evaluated for tubal pathology. The tubal pathologies like occlusion or hydrosalpinx may be due to infections or post surgical sequelae. HSG remains one of the diagnostic backbone in infertility even availability of new modalities.

Background: Placenta previa refers to the presence of placental tissue that extends over the internal cervical os.  Placenta previa is linked to maternal hypovolemia, anaemia, and long hospital stay and with prematurity, low birth weight, low APGAR score in newborn. So it is very important to identify the condition at an early date to warn the condition thereby reducing the maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality. The present study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of PP, its associated predisposing risk factors and maternal morbidity, mortality and the perinatal outcome.Methods: A prospective observational study for two years was conducted at a tertiary care hospital. Pregnant mothers with >28 weeks of age with H/o ante partum haemorrhage were screened for placenta previa, confirmed by ultra sonography and included in the study. Clinical history, obstetric examination was done and followed up till the delivery. Maternal and foetal outcomes were recorded. Data analyzed by using SPSS version 20.Results: 1.4% incidence of PP was noted, mean age of group was 29.17±1.6 years. Age group of 21-30 years, multiparity Gravida 2-4, previous history of caesarean section and less number of ante natal checkups were significant risk factors and LSCS was most common outcome. Prematurity, low birth weight and APGAR <7 score for 1 minute was common foetal outcomes.Conclusions: Our study strongly suggests foetal surveillance programmes in cases of placenta previa. Measures should be made to bring awareness about PP, in urban slums and to increase medical checkups regularly. Making USG mandatory during every ANC and referral of cases of PP to tertiary care centres would definitely reduce the chances of morbidity and mortality.