Soybean rust (SBR), caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is the most damaging disease of soybean in Brazil. Effective management is achieved by means of calendar-timed sprays of fungicide mixtures, which do not explicitly consider weather-associated disease risk. Two rain-based action thresholds of disease severity values (DSV50 and DSV80) were proposed and compared with two leaf wetness duration-temperature thresholds of daily values of infection probability (DVIP6 and DVIP9) and with a calendar program, with regard to performance and profitability. An unsprayed check treatment plot was included for calculating relative control. Disease severity and yield data were obtained from 29 experiments conducted at six sites across four states in Brazil during the 2012–13, 2014–15, and 2015–16 growing seasons, which represented different growing regions and climatic conditions. The less conservative rainfall action threshold (DSV80) resulted in fewer fungicide sprays compared with the other treatments, and the more conservative one (DSV50) resulted in fewer sprays than the DVIP thresholds. Yield was generally higher with the increase in spray number, but the economic analysis showed no significant differences in the risk of not offsetting the costs of fungicide sprays regardless of the system. Therefore, based on the simplicity and the profitability of the rain-based model, the system is a good candidate for incorporating into the management of SBR in soybean production fields in Brazil.
A irradiância solar global (Qg) é uma variável física importante que vem sendo constantemente empregada em modelos agrometeorológicos, tanto para caracterização climática, como para dar suporte a estudos radiométricos voltados ao planejamento da irrigação e à previsão de safras agrícolas. O trabalho teve como objetivo comparar medidas diárias de Qg com estimativas dessa variável obtidas por quatro diferentes métodos de cálculo. Para tanto, no período compreendido entre 28/03/2008 a 24/08/2011, no município de Ponta Grossa, PR, procedeu-se ao estudo de análise de regressão linear simples mediante o confronto entre medidas radiométricas realizadas por piranômetro e estimativas de Qg. A transmitância global foi condicionada pela nebulosidade atmosférica. Os modelos baseados na transmitância global média diária estimaram de forma mais satisfatória os valores de Qg, face aos coeficientes estatísticos calculados para validação dos critérios de estimativa propostos por Angström-Prescott. Entretanto, o desempenho dos modelos baseados na determinação da transmitância global média sob condições atmosféricas extremas, considerando dias totalmente ensolarados e nublados, revelou coeficientes de Willmott mais elevados, os quais se aproximaram muito de 1, refletindo exatidão e confiabilidade dos valores calculados deQg, quando comparados aos valores observados em estação meteorológica automática.
Evapotranspiration depends primarily on the local energy balance, which is the most important variable of the physical environment when it comes to irrigation scheduling, especially throughout the production formation stages that are limited by water factors. The current manuscript will verify the applicability of estimates of grass net radiation to the performance of estimation methods of potential evapotranspiration under the climatic conditions in Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil. In order to proceed to simple linear regression studies, meteorological data were monitored by an automatic weather station throughout a period of 87 days for the calculation of potential evapotranspiration, taking into account both the estimated and calculated grass net radiation values. The use of grass net radiation estimated by a model based on the local energy balance showed an excellent performance for estimating potential evapotranspiration by means of the Penman-Monteith, adjusted Priestley-Taylor, and simplified Penman approaches, along with a good agreement (R 2 > 0.91) related to the potential demand values obtained with grass net radiation measured by net radiometers.
Com o alto nível de poluentes emitidos no ambiente pela queima de combustíveis fósseis, tem-se procurado fontes alternativas de geração de energia, como a eólica. A partir de uma série de 19 anos de dados diários de velocidade média e direção predominante dos ventos da Lapa, PR, caracterizou-se o comportamento do vento na região por meio de distribuições probabilísticas. Dentre estas, a que melhor se ajustou aos dados de velocidade média foi a distribuição Gama. A direção predominante foi a Leste, seguida de Nordeste e Norte. Verificou-se que a região estudada sofre influência de diversos fatores climáticos.
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