In agriculture, the development of plants resistant to 2,4-D and dicamba tends to result in increased use of these herbicides in agricultural areas and consequently increases the risk in susceptible species. The aims of the present study are to assess the effects of 2,4-D and dicamba on citrus (Citrus sinensis var. Pêra Rio), lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. Stella) and tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum var. Santa Clara) and determine the best method for spray tank decontamination after applying such herbicides. All the experiments followed a completely randomized design with five replications. To study the effects of 2,4-D and dicamba on sensitive plants, experiments were performed on the following cultivated species: citrus, lettuce and tomato. Each species was subjected to 2,4-D (D, 670 g a.i. ha-1) and dicamba (D, 560 g a.i. ha-1) applied at doses of 0 D, 1 D, 0.5 D, 0.12 D, 0.03 D, 0.007 D and 0.001 D (of commercial doses (Ds)). In another experiment, the following methods were adopted to clean tanks used to spray 2,4-D and dicamba at commercial doses: wash with water (1x), water (2x), water (3x), water + 96% alcohol (1:1), water + detergent (2.5%) or no washing. The tanks were filled with water after treatment. The young tomato plants were used as bioindicators. Regarding plant sensitivity, citrus plants exhibited low potential for suffering losses due to 2,4-D and dicamba drift. The plants tolerated a dose of 0.12 D for both herbicides. Lettuce and tomato were extremely sensitive to 2,4-D and dicamba. Lettuce tolerated 2,4-D at a dose of 0.007 D but showed phytotoxicity symptoms; the tolerated dicamba dose was 0.03 D. Only the 0.03 D dose of 2,4-D was tolerated by tomato. Although the tomato plants presented phytotoxicity symptoms, the tolerated dicamba dose was 0.007 D. For the tank cleaning experiment, the spray tank cleaning by thoroughly washing in water (2x) was the most appropriate method to clean tanks used to spray 2,4-D. Washing with water (2x, at a minimum), water + alcohol (1:1) or water + detergent was equally effective to clean tanks filled with dicamba. Therefore, the study shows that the application of 2,4-D and dicamba in areas close to young Citrus sinensis plants should be avoided given that vegetable species, such as lettuce and tomato, do not tolerate the minimum drift of these herbicides. Double washing with water would be the most economical and effective method of cleaning tanks used to house these herbicides.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do biocarvão na sensibilidade de mudas pré-brotadas (MPB) ao clomazone, imazapic e indaziflam aplicados em pré-plantioisoladamente ou em associação. Foram avaliadas duas variedades de cana-de-açúcar (RB975952 e RB 985476). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com 4repetições, em esquema fatorial 9 x 2, sendo nove tratamentos (imazapic 52,5 e 200 g i.a. ha-1, clomazone 1000 g i.a. ha-1, indaziflam 100 g i.a. ha-1 e associações de imazapic +clomazone (52,5 + 600; 52,5 + 1000; 200 + 600 e 200 + 1000 g i.a. ha-1 e testemunha) e apresença ou ausência do biocarvão no sulco de plantio. A RB 985476 apresentousensibilidade aos herbicidas clomazone e imazapic. A toxicidade provocada pelosherbicidas imazapic + clomazone diminiu pelo efeito do biocarvão. Para o imazapic nãohouve efeito do biocarvão na redução da fitotoxicidade. Em relação a RB 975952 foiverificada sensibilidade ao clomazone + imazapic e clomazone isolado, sendo o biocarvãoeficaz na redução da fitotoxicidade. O indaziflam foi seletivo para as duas variedades. Podese concluir que o biocarvão atuou de forma efetiva para clomazone isolado ou emassociação com o imazapic, sendo pouco efetivo para o herbicida imazapic isolado.

Studies on seed science are developed for a wide range of purposes, being the statistical analysis of data essential for experimental reliability and evidence. Due to the characteristics of seed data, several statistical methods can be applied, among them the survival analysis stands out, in virtue of allocating censored data and describing phenomena over time. Therefore, this bibliometric study verified the use of survival analysis in studies with seed germination and to examine the applications of survival analysis in original articles from the Web of Science database for the period from 2000 to 2020. For the application of survival analysis, there was a low number of publications related to seed science, with the USA being the country with the highest number of publications mainly to studies in plant ecology and physiology. In general, the researches were most involved to the evaluation of factors influencing dormancy, physiological stresses, dispersion capacity, population differences and habitats of development which affected seed germination. Therefore, the qualitative overview demonstrates that the survival analysis is a statistical tool of great potential regarding the studies in the area.