Os óleos lubrificantes são substâncias produzidas com a função reduzir o atrito entre duas superfícies em movimento relativo, formando uma película que que evita e protege do desgaste e da geração de calor. Com o passar do tempo ou condições de uso do equipamento o óleo começa a perder suas propriedades e começa a sofrer deterioração ou contaminação. O objetivo desse trabalho é analisar a situação do descarte de óleo usado ou contaminado nas oficinas mecânicas com base nas normas ambientais vigentes. O presente estudo epistemológico é de caráter qualitativo com abordagem interpretativa através de revisão de literatura sistematizada por artigos publicados O serviço de coleta de óleos lubrificantes usados ou contaminados está disponível em diversos municípios brasileiros. Segundo a ANP (2022) existem 73 instalações autorizadas para coleta e 13 rerrefinarias que atendem todas as regiões do Brasil. Com isso, a melhor maneira de reciclar esse óleo usado ou contaminado é por meio da logística reversa.

Iron toxicity is a major nutritional disorder in rice plants, especially in ooded areas. The use of alternative crop management practices, such as soil drainage, may mitigate negative impacts of iron toxicity, since soil aeration that follows drainage can oxidize and precipitate potentially toxic Fe +2 into Fe 3+ . This study aimed to evaluate the impact of alternative water management on agronomical and physiological parameters in rice plants grown in a eld location with iron toxicity history. Rice cultivars BR-IRGA 409 (sensitive) and IRGA 425 (resistant to iron toxicity) were tested. Irrigation management comprised three treatments: Continuous Irrigation (CI), one cycle of water Suppression (1S) and two cycles of water Suppression (2S). Evaluations included the ionic composition of soil solution and leaf tissues, grain yield, antioxidant responses and gene expression. Permanent soil ooding resulted in higher grain yield in plants from the resistant than from the sensitive genotype, which had higher malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in leaves. In contrast, two cycles of alternate soil drying resulted in equivalent grain yield and MDA concentrations in both genotypes. Resistance to iron toxicity in IRGA 425 plants seems related to limited Fe translocation to shoots, increased tolerance to oxidative stress in leaves and higher expression of Ferritin, OsGAP1, OsWRKY80 and Oryzain-α genes. Plants from the BR-IRGA 409 cultivar (sensitive to Fe toxicity) improved growth and yield under the interrupted irrigation treatments, probably due to lower Fe availability in the soil solution. Management of water irrigation successfully alleviated Fe toxicity in rice plants cultivated in eld conditions.

Iron toxicity is a major nutritional disorder in rice plants, especially in flooded areas. The use of alternative crop management practices, such as soil drainage, may mitigate negative impacts of iron toxicity, since soil aeration that follows drainage can oxidize and precipitate potentially toxic Fe+2 into Fe3+. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of alternative water management on agronomical and physiological parameters in rice plants grown in a field location with iron toxicity history. Rice cultivars BR-IRGA 409 (sensitive) and IRGA 425 (resistant to iron toxicity) were tested. Irrigation management comprised three treatments: Continuous Irrigation (CI), one cycle of water Suppression (1S) and two cycles of water Suppression (2S). Evaluations included the ionic composition of soil solution and leaf tissues, grain yield, antioxidant responses and gene expression. Permanent soil flooding resulted in higher grain yield in plants from the resistant than from the sensitive genotype, which had higher malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in leaves. In contrast, two cycles of alternate soil drying resulted in equivalent grain yield and MDA concentrations in both genotypes. Resistance to iron toxicity in IRGA 425 plants seems related to limited Fe translocation to shoots, increased tolerance to oxidative stress in leaves and higher expression of Ferritin, OsGAP1, OsWRKY80 and Oryzain-α genes. Plants from the BR-IRGA 409 cultivar (sensitive to Fe toxicity) improved growth and yield under the interrupted irrigation treatments, probably due to lower Fe availability in the soil solution. Management of water irrigation successfully alleviated Fe toxicity in rice plants cultivated in field conditions.

The use of hybrid genotypes is a good alternative for increasing the flooded rice yield. However, there is a need for validation of the fertilizer management under different edaphoclimatic conditions and its greater profitability. This study aimed to evaluate the grain yield and profitability of rice hybrids in relation to N doses and fertilization with P and K. Five hybrid cultivars and the conventional IRGA 424 CL cultivar combined with four N doses (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) were evaluated, all with fixed doses of 90 kg ha-1 of P2O5 and 150 kg ha-1 of K2O, besides an additional treatment without the addition of fertilizers. The N application increases, on average, by 10 and 35 % the flooded rice yield in years with favorable and unfavorable climatic conditions, respectively. Regardless of the year and genotype, the highest yields are obtained with doses of N between 106 and 200 kg ha-1, with the most profitable dose being the 150 kg ha-1 one (22 % higher than for the absence of N). The hybrids produce an average of 20 % more grains than the IRGA 424 CL cultivar, increasing the profitability by 18 %. In soil with adequate P and K availability, there is no increase in yield due to the application of these nutrients. However, in deficient soil, the fertilization with P and K increases the grain yield by 21 %.

Modo de acesso: World Wide Web Inclui bibliografia 1. Agricultura 2. Meio Ambiente 3. Zootecnia 4. Ciências Agrárias I. REDIN, Ezequiel II. Título. CDD-630 Sônia Márcia Soares de Moura -CRB 6/1896 O conteúdo deste livro está licenciado sob a Licença de Atribuição Creative Commons 4.0. Com ela é permitido compartilhar o livro, devendo ser dado o devido crédito, não podendo ser utilizado para fins comerciais e nem ser alterada. O conteúdo dos artigos e seus dados em sua forma, correção e confiabilidade são de responsabilidade exclusiva dos seus respectivos autores www.poisson.com.br