Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a condition whose main characteristic is excessive blood glucose and, if not controlled, can cause chronic systemic complications such as, nephropathy, pulmonary dysfunction, retinopathy and vascular disorders, among others. Lung complications in diabetics, due to chronic hyperglycemia, have been studied more recently. Objective: This study aims to conduct a literature review on changes in lung function in diabetes mellitus, through an integrative bibliographical review. Method: Bibliographic survey, through an integrative literature review, to establish a correlation between glycemic control and lung function in diabetic subjects. The integrative review was made by searching the Medline international databases for review of manuscripts. Selection of these databases was based on the wide range of journals covered by each of them and our goal was to provide an overview of the scientific production devoted to the topic over the timeframe of analysis. The following inclusion criteria were considered during the review: use of the keywords “lung” OR “pneumopathy” OR “lung disease” MeSH “diabetes mellitus” entered into the search form, and availability of an abstract in English. Results: A total 12 scientific productions were selected by contain information about the pulmonary function alterations in diabetes. Conclusion: The main pulmonary function abnormalities found in diabetics are: lung volume reduction; lung elasticity reduced; capillary blood volume reduction; thickening of the capillary basement membrane; decrease in muscle strength; and paresis or bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis due to phrenic neuropathy.

Introduction Studies have shown that elevations of the triglyceride/glucose index (TyG) as well as the glycation of hemoglobin index (HGI) are associated with several complications related to insulin resistance (IR). Objective To evaluate the association between HGI and TyG index in a sample of non-diabetic individuals and it’s relation with IR. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted with 32 non-diabetic individuals. The variables analyzed included age, gender, body mass index, and laboratory data (triglycerides, glucose, HbA1c, and insulin). We calculated the TyG index, HOMA-IR, and HGI. Simple and multivariate linear regression analyses were also performed, in addition to ANOVA and Pearson's correlation between variables. Results The multivariate linear regression analysis of the analyzed sample revealed a significant correlation between the TyG index and HGI, which was confirmed by the T-test. The results indicated a strong positive correlation between the TyG index and HGI, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.98. Conclusion The HGI, TyG index and IR showed a significant association in the analyzed sample. This suggests that both indices are highly reliable in measuring IR and glucose metabolism and may be markers of risk independent of FPG, and the other variables evaluated in this study.

<p>Introduction: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered to be a representation in the liver of insulin resistance or metabolic<br />syndrome, and is a common cause of chronic hepatitis, which can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, there are no<br />pharmacologic therapies approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and National Health Surveillance Agency of Brazil<br />(ANVISA) for the NAFLD treatment. Objective: the aim of this study is to assess the evidences for off-label use of medication in NAFLD.<br />Methodology: a systematic search was made in MEDLINE-PubMed for papers published between January 1990 and December 2017,<br />addressing the off-label use or unlicensed drugs for NAFLD treatment. An integrative review was conducted and the data analyzed<br />thematically. Results: of the 3540 studies retrieved, 50 met the inclusion criteria by to contain information about the off-label prescriptions<br />in NAFLD. In this integrative review of the published literature, off-label treatment of NAFLD was generally associated with good shortterm<br />and long term outcomes. Conclusions: after analyzing the data, may conclude that literature includes studies that provides scientific<br />evidence for the off-label drugs use in NAFLD. The evidence of the evaluated studies, suggest that metformin treatment has best effect<br />on reducing hepatocyte fat deposition with regard to other drugs evaluated. However, randomized, placebo controlled studies should<br />be performed to confirm this evidence.</p>

Nonalcoholic fatty pancreatic disease (NAFPD) is an increase of fat in the pancreas, and has an important association with insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Research has confirmed that the triglyceridemia/glycemia (TyG) index determines IR as much as does the hyperinsulinemic/euglycemic clamp assessment as the homeostasis model testing of IR (HOMA/IR). Objective: To evaluate the association between degree of NAFPD and TyG index. Methods: In 72 patients undergoing ultrasound of abdomen with a diagnosis of NAFPD, insulin, glucose, and triglycerides levels were evaluated. The HOMA/IR index was used as a reference of IR. The degrees of NAFPD and the TyG index were presented through the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves in order to evaluate the association between different degrees of NAFPD and the TyG index and its correlation with HOMA/IR. Results: There was a statistically significant correlation between the degree of NAFPD and the TyG index. The AUROC curve for the TyG index for predicting the degree of NADPD was 0.855 (0.840/0.865). The intensity-adjusted probabilities of the degree of NAFPD were more strongly associated with TyG values when compared with HOMA/IR. Conclusion: In this study the TyG index correlated positively with the degree of NAFPD, performing better than HOMA/IR. Keywords: Triglyceride/glucose index. HOMA/IR. Insulin resistance. Pancreatic steatosis.