Males and females judged the intensity of the typical pungent stimulus CO 2 , presented by nose and by mouth, employing two scaling procedures: magnitude estimation and magnitude matching. The two groups differed in their perception of CO 2 pungency only when it was judged in the nose. Perceived nasal pungency grew as a power function of CO 2 concentration, with an exponent of 2.2 for females and 1.6 for males, and the magnitude matching test showed that, relative to their perception of sucrose sweetness, females perceived pungency more intense throughout the range studied. Perceived buccal pungency grew for both groups as the 1.1 power of CO 2 concentration, and the magnitude matching test, employing again sweetness as the reference modality, revealed no intensity differences in the perception of buccal pungency between the genders. It is suggested that the susceptibility of the nasal environment to hormonal and neural influences may account for the differences in perceived pungency between males and females.
Two experiments are reported in which the perceptual interactions between oral pungency, evoked by CO 2 , and the taste of each of four tastants-sucrose (sweet), quinine sulfate (bitter), sodium chloride (salty), and tartaric acid (sour)-were explored. In experiment 1 the effect of three concentrations of each tastant on the stimulus-response function for perceived oral pungency, in terms of both rate of change (slope) and relative position along the perceived pungency axis, was determined. In experiment 2 the effect of three concentrations of CO 2 on the stimulus-response function for the perceived taste intensity of each tastant was examined. Results show that the characteristics of the mutual effects of tastant and pungent stimulus depend on the particular tastant employed. Sucrose sweetness and CO 2 oral pungency have no mutual effect; sodium chloride saltiness or tartaric acid sourness and CO 2 oral pungency show mutual enhancement; and quinine sulfate bitterness abates CO 2 oral pungency, whereas CO 2 has a double and opposite effect on quinine sulfate bitterness-at low concentrations of bitter tastant CO 2 enhances bitterness, and at high concentrations of bitter tastant CO 2 abates bitterness. It is suggested that the perceptual attributes of saltiness and sourness are closer, from a qualitative point of view, to oral pungency than are the attributes of bitterness and sweetness.
Cada uno de los tres realizadores de El pequeño fugitivo (además de escribir el guión entre los tres) asume otra tarea en el film: Engel hace la cámara, Orkin se encarga del montaje, Ashley produce. Se sabe, sin embargo, que el proyecto inicial era de Morris Engel, que había estudiado fotografía en la célebre Photo League, en Nueva York, junto a Paul Strand, Berenice Abbott, Robert Frank, Helen Leavitt, representantes de una corriente de fotografía callejera, que es lo que aparece en la imagen de la película. Engel, incluso, diseña una cámara de 35 mm. portátil, ya que no quería filmar en 16 mm. porque, a pesar de contar con pocos recursos, pretendía que la película no estuviera condenada desde el vamos a un circuito muy reducido. Esa cámara 35 mm. portátil es seguramente responsable de varios de los méritos del film, ya que permitió la filmación en situaciones donde había mucha gente, de manera inadvertida. El pequeño fugitivo es considerada unánimemente como una de las iniciadoras del cine independiente americano. El New american cinema y el cine de Cassavetes fueron posibles porque primero existió El pequeño fugitivo. El film funciona además como una novela de aprendizaje. Asistimos, durante 24 horas resumidas en los 80 minutos del film, al desarrollo de las habilidades de Joey, no digamos para sobrevivir, sino para pasarla bien en el parque de diversiones de Coney Island. Joey no enfrenta demasiados peligros, y el momento en que se lo ve más asustado es cuando cree haber matado a su hermano. A partir de su huida todos los peligros están minimizados, porque la película tiene una mirada tierna sobre el personaje, y antes que los peligros que pueden acechar a un chico de 7 años en medio de la multitud, el film destaca esas habilidades
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