This work shows prospects of long-period fibre grating applications as transducers for fuel conformity analysis. The proposed long-period grating transducer was employed to assess the gasoline conformity in commercial gas stations. Grating responses were used to train and validate a radial base function topology of an artificial neural network. The obtained results show that fibre optic sensors supervised by artificial neural networks can integrate systems for smart sensing with high applicability in the petrochemical field. The radial base function had reached a correct classification probability of approximately 94%. The device applicability in the analysis of hydrated ethanol fuel was also investigated by measuring the concentration of ethanol in ethanolwater mixtures. The results showed that the developed transducer can be used to infer the ethanol-water concentration with a resolution of up to 0.23%.

In this work, a comparative study of the behaviour of an in-fibre Mach-Zehnder interferometer for salinity measurement in a water solution is presented. The fibre transducer is composed of two nearly identical long period gratings forming an inseries 7.38 cm long device written in the same fibre optic. Two inorganic and one organic salts (NaCl, KCl, NaCOOH) were characterized within the concentration range from 0 to 150 g L −1. For the long period grating interferometer, the average obtained sensitivities were −6.61, −5.58 and −3.83 pm/(g L −1) for the above salts, respectively, or equivalently −40.8, −46.5 and −39.1 nm RIU −1. Salinity measured by means of fibre refractometry is compared with measurements obtained using an Abbe refractometer as well as via electrical conductivity. For the long period grating refractometer, the best resolutions attained were 1.30, 1.54 and 2.03 g of salt per litre for NaCl, KCl and NaCOOH, respectively, about two times better than the resolutions obtained by the Abbe refractometer. An average thermal sensitivity of 53 pm °C −1 was measured for the grating transducer immersed in water, indicating the need for the thermal correction of the sensor. Resolutions for the same ionic constituent in different salts are also analysed.

Contribuição para o aprimoramento de projeto, construção e operação de reatores UASB aplicados ao tratamento de esgoto sanitário-Parte 5: Biogás e emissões fugitivas de metano Contribution for improving the design, construction and operation of UASB reactors treating sewage-Part 5: Biogas and fugitive methane emissions

Overview of sewage treatment in the South, Southeast and Midwest regions of Brazil: most employed technologies Resumo Em vista dos compromissos assumidos pelo Brasil para o incremento dos níveis de tratamento de esgoto sanitário, faz-se importante uma leitura sobre as tecnologias mais aplicadas nos cenários regionais. O objetivo deste artigo é reportar o atual estágio de emprego dos diferentes processos associados ao tratamento de esgoto sanitário em seis estados brasileiros das regiões Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste, concomitantemente com o Distrito Federal, com ênfase em suas aplicações para diferentes escalas de população atendida. Os dados utilizados foram coletados junto aos prestadores de serviço de saneamento estaduais e municipais, sendo posteriormente confrontados com uma base de dados cedida pela Agência Nacional de Águas. Ao todo, inventariaram-se 1.667 estações de tratamento de esgoto (ETEs), que têm capacidade instalada de atendimento a aproximadamente 75% da população urbana de toda a região contemplada no estudo. As tecnologias de tratamento de esgoto sanitário mais empregadas são: reatores UASB, lagoas de estabilização e lodos ativados. Conjuntamente, essas três tipologias de tratamento totalizam 90% das ETEs implantadas, sendo responsáveis por 81% da capacidade instalada de tratamento. Palavras-chave: Estação de tratamento de esgoto (ETE). Reator UASB. Lagoas de estabilização. Lodos ativados.

Contribuição para o aprimoramento de projeto, construção e operação de reatores UASB aplicados ao tratamento de esgoto sanitário-Parte 4: Controle de corrosão e emissões gasosas Contribution for improving the design, construction and operation of UASB reactors treating sewage-Part 4: Control of corrosion and gaseous emissions