Purpose This study aimed to investigate the outcomes of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) therapy with or without growth hormone (GH) therapy for girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty (CPP). Methods The medical records of 166 girls diagnosed with CPP from 2002 to 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. All included patients were treated with GnRHa for ≥36 months. Changes in height standard deviation score (SDS) for bone age, chronological age (CA), and predicted adult height (PAH) were assessed for the first three years of treatment. The final height gain SDS was calculated as the difference between the initial PAH SDS and adult height (AH) SDS; these were then compared between the GnRHa group (group A, n=135) and the combined GnRHa/GH group (group B, n=31). Results The initial mean CA was 7.89 years. The mean menarcheal age was 13.12 years (group A, 13.1±0.99; group B, 13.18±0.58 years; P =0.755). PAH SDS at the start of GnRHa treatment and AH SDS were significantly lower in group B than in group A (PAH SDS: -2.20±0.83 vs. -3.19±0.84, P <0.001; AH SDS: 0.18±084 vs. -0.30±0.66, P =0.021). The increase in PAH SDS was higher in group B than in group A for the first three years of GnRHa treatment (1.66±0.66 vs. 2.35±0.93, P <0.001). The height gain SDS was significantly higher in group B than in group A (2.5±0.75 vs. 2.93±1.02, P =0.048). Younger age, higher PAH at the start of treatment, and a greater increase in PAH SDS during the first year of GnRHa treatment positively affected AH. Conclusions The combined GH group had more additional height gain than the GnRHa-alone group.

This study aimed to find out the correlation between bilirubin levels and delivery methods in term babies with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Methods: This retrospective study was performed in a single center. The subjects were full-term neo nates (37-41 weeks of gestational age) with a chief complaint of hyperbilirubinemia (serum total bilirubin ≥12 mg/dL) admitted to the Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital from May 2015 to July 2018. The subjects were divided into two groups according to delivery methods (vaginal delivery [VD] and cesarean section [CS]). Total bilirubin levels were compared between the two groups, and the correlation between severe hyperbilirubinemia (serum total bilirubin ≥25 mg/dL) and delivery methods was analyzed. Results: A total of 87 neonates were enrolled. Of 87 neonates, 59 (67.8%) were born by VD and 28 (32.2%) by CS. The mean serum total bilirubin level of the VD group was significantly higher than that of the CS group (21.5±4.0 mg/dL and 17.5±3.4 mg/dL, respectively; P<0.001). There were also signi ficant differences in bilirubin levels according to delivery methods in subgroups based on demographic characteristics, except in cases when the age of neonates exceeded 7 days on admission and in breast-feeding neonates. In addition, VD was significantly correlated with an increased risk of severe hyperbilirubinemia (relative risk 1.5; 95% confidence interval 1.2-1.9; P=0.031). Conclusion:This study showed that term neonates with hyperbilirubinemia born by VD had significantly higher bilirubin levels than those born by CS, and were also significantly correlated with severe hyperbilirubinemia.