The main aim of this explorative work is to study the connection between the spatial distribution of protestant population (religions affected by reformation) and the spatial heterogeneity of land cover. The empirical approach of the paper excludes any historical or cultural analysis. It is irrespective for the generating processes, and rather initiates a descriptive overview. The target is the relation, and the general quality of this relation between two basic factors of landscapes – forming effects out of social and natural sources – throughout a comparative case study. If the existence of this relation is objectively confirmed as results of this analysis, a future follow-up research shall investigate the existing causal relations and describes how the ecologically influential spatial structures of the landscapes are connected to social processes like the reformation. Recent study has an objective attitude to the descriptive analysis, and applies spatial statistic methods in NUTS 3 regions of three ‘study areas’: Hungary, Germany and Romania. The utilized input data was collected from the 2011 census and from the landscape indexing of low resolution multispectral satellite remote sensing data of MODIS satellite mission. The interpreted statistical results show a significant underlying background effect between the spatial heterogeneity and the spatial distribution of protestant citizens. The nature of this relationship is to be investigated in the future. The outputs of this study intends to show a direction for the explorative research by providing the first step-stones in the form of significant landscape indices, basic descriptive statistics and rough estimation of the strength of the underlying effect.

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A fás szárú betolakodók kiszűrésére a légi felmérés bizonyult a leggyorsabb és leghatékonyabb megoldásnak, mert a műholdfelvételek felbontása általában, néhány speciális esettől eltekintve nem teszi lehetővé a faji szintű vegetáció-térképezést. Kidolgoztunk egy olyan költséghatékony módszert, amely ingyenesen beszerezhető műholdfelvételek és szoftverkörnyezet segítségével leválogatja a 3600 m2-nél nagyobb területű gyorsan kialakuló fás szárú növekményt. A módszer elsősorban az aktív növényi biomassza termelésre érzékeny, így kevéssé tárja fel a munkaterületen régóta jelenlevő fás növényzetet. Kifejezetten az adott év gyorsnövekedésű és új megjelenésű cserje illetve fa jellegű borítására érzékeny.

A B S T R A C TIn the continental climate regions of the EU, one of the largest environmental and conversational problems is caused by the spread of invasive plant species, especially in agriculturally abandoned regions. Several species of the rapidly spreading and to the native vegetation supplanter plant can be a cause of ecologic and health risk. Some species change the physical structure and chemical composition of the soil, affect the microclimate, thereby contributing to climate change processes. Summing up, invasive species affect agricultural landscapes significantly. The common feature of the belonging species is that they spread rapidly and develop a significant amount of biomass in a short time. In the course of our research we worked out a remote sensing and GIS method, which localize efficiently the infected areas, and we utilized this method in the Northern Transdanubia, to extract the information of woody increment in agricultural regions.

Can we keep a lonely tree in the middle of a plowed parcel to be a forest? Or a glade, opening in the place of a fallen tree, to be a meadow? Surely not. In this case emerges the question, where starts the forest, and where the meadow? OPS (Optimised Pattern Size) represents the unit size of a land cover, with which it can be mapped optimally, based on the classification of MS VHR satellite images. By the described case study, I demonstrate the OPS computation method, which can be totally automated and integrated into recent classification programs, in order to reduce land cover-land use conversion problem onto the level of semantics, and to let regional and local authorities to be supplied with timely land use information.