GINIplus und LISAplus. Design und ausgewählte Ergebnisse zweier deutscher Geburtskohorten zum natürlichen Verlauf atopischer Erkrankungen sowie deren Determinanten Der Anstieg der Prävalenzen von Asthma, Heuschnupfen und allergischer Sensibilisierung in Westdeutschland während der Zeit der deutschen Teilung und der rasche Anstieg dieser Krankheitshäufigkeit bei ostdeutschen Kindern und Jugendlichen nach der Wiedervereinigung sind untrügliche Zeichen für die herausragende Rolle von lebensstilabhängigen und umweltbezogenen Determinanten der Entwicklung atopischer Erkrankungen. Dabei spielt die perinatale Entwicklungsphase, in der das Immunsystem geprägt wird, vermutlich eine besondere Rolle. Deswegen können potenzielle Determinanten epidemiologisch am besten mittels Geburtskohorten bzw. Schwangerschaftskohorten untersucht werden. Gegenstand dieses Übersichtsartikels ist es, das Design der zwei großen deutschen Geburtskohorten GI-NIplus und LISAplus zu beschreiben und ausgewählte Ergebnisse zu atopischen Erkrankungen darzustellen. Mit GINIplus und LISAplus wurden Mitte bis Ende der 90er Jahre 5.991 bzw. 3.097 gesunde, reife Neugeborene in München, Wesel, Leipzig und Bad Honnef rekrutiert. Nach 10 Jahren sind noch circa 55% der Kohorte im Langzeitbeobachtungsprogramm eingeschlossen. Im Vordergrund standen bislang Fragen des natürlichen Verlaufs atopischer Erkrankungen sowie lebensstil-und umweltabhängige Faktoren. Darüber hinaus wurden Gene für
Results from a long‐term study on leaching and transformation of the herbicide glufosinate‐ammonium (ammonium‐DL‐homoanalin‐4‐yl (methyl)phosphinate) in a layered soil column were compared with model calculations. Soil columns with layers of loamy sand and sand were treated with 3 kg/ha glufosinate‐ammonium, applied to the soil surface. The soils were irrigated and the leachate was monitored for glufosinate‐ammonium and the main metabolite 3‐methylphosphinico‐propionic acid during a period of 256 d. Calculations for glufosinate‐ammonium and the metabolite were performed with the soil column model EXSOL. Linear equilibrium sorption coefficients (Kd) and first‐order half‐lives were used for fitting effluent curves for both the herbicide and the metabolite. Sorption coefficients were compared with those values estimated from a relation to the clay content derived from batch studies. Fitted half‐lives were compared with the results from die‐away and 14CO2 evolution studies of both the parent and the daughter compound. The observed leaching of glufosinate‐ammonium could be well simulated using Kd (0.5 cm3/g) and half‐life (11.2 d). The half‐life fitted for the metabolite (10–30 d) was a factor 2 to 3 smaller than that measured with batch degradation experiments. This may be the result of using degradation data estimated by 14CO2 evolution, which only indirectly indicates the disappearance of the compound.
The results of a new method for estimating point and diffuse loads of rivers from analysis of monitoring data are presented (immission approach). The estimated point source loads of dissolved nitrogen, total phosphorus, and the heavy metals, cadmium, lead and zinc were compared with the loads of existing inventories. The diffuse loads of these pollutants were compared with estimations calculated on the basis of area related loads of the main diffuse sources (emission approach). Reasonable agreement was obtained in these comparisons, thus demonstrating the utility of the new method as a tool for analyzing point sources and diffuse loads of pollutants to a river system from analysis of monitoring data.
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