of 882 nurses aged 20 to 65 years were compared with 12,213 non-medical working women with similar socioeconomic status. Multivariate generalized estimating equation models were analyzed to test the hypotheses. We also used weighted propensity scores to adjust for selection bias. The primary outcomes were whether or not patients received hospital-based invasive procedures or surgery, total hospitalization cost, length of hospital stay (LOS), and 7-day and 14-day readmission association with genital diseases. Results: Nurses were less likely to undergo hospital-based surgery for genital diseases (OR 0.60; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.81), and they incurred lower total hospitalization cost (β -0.12; 95% CI: -0.18, -0.06) than non-medical working women after adjusting for demographic and clinical factors (eg, age, insurable wage, major diagnosis, Charlson comorbidity index, and physician and institutional characteristics). However, the likelihood of receiving hospital-based invasive procedures, longer LOS, and readmission did not differ between the two groups. ConClusions: A probability of undergoing hospitalized surgery for female genital diseases and incurring total hospitalization cost was lower among nurses than among non-medical working women. These findings suggest that medical knowledge, familiarity with health care system and care experience may have been contributory factors.objeCtives: Many studies have reported the reduction in Health Related Quality of Life among young girls before, during and after menstrual bleeding. And many of these girls also resort to medications like NSAIDs to alleviate the pain during the same. The present study was aimed to study the difference in health related quality of life among young NSAID users and non-users. Methods: In this cross sectional study a pilot tested questionnaire was used to collect information regarding college students (n= 496) with age between 18-25 years. Information such as demographics, socio-economics, medication use and pain severity was collected. For health related quality of life measurement both descriptive and visual analogue score of EQ 5D 5L questionnaire ware used. The data collected was analyzed using SPSS 16.0.0. The test of significance was done by using Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Mean age of the surveyed population was found to be 20.46±2.81 with 12.88±2.372 years as the average age of commencement of menstrual cycle. The BMI was found to be 19.89±4.88. 77.4% of students reported having some sort of pain before, during and after the menstrual bleeding. The average EQ 5D VAS score was found to be 69.05±18.62. Mann-Whitney U test has shown significant difference (p= 0.001) among the medication users for alleviation of pain whereas there was no significant difference (p= 0.72) among self-medication and prescription drug users. ConClusions: Eventhough the population studied was quite young there was a difference in health related quality of life among medication users and non-users.

In Taiwan, legal migrant workers and almost all citizens are covered under the National Health Insurance program. Work-related injuries and various traumatic events constitute 2 major reasons for seeking medical care among migrant workers. Therefore, we conducted this retrospective study to delineate the clinical features of migrant workers with trauma and determine differences in trauma management between migrant workers and citizens under the current medical care and insurance system. We retrospectively reviewed the data of all patients with trauma who were discharged from adult wards between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2016. We identified 5854 citizens and 110 migrant workers during the chart review. Data related to the prehospital period, emergency department, hospital course, and prognosis were collected and compared between migrant workers and citizens. More than half of the traumatic events among migrant workers occurred at factory, farm, or mine locations (migrant workers vs all citizens: 57.3% vs 11.5%), whereas most traumatic events among citizens occurred at street and home or dormitory locations (street: migrant workers vs all citizens: 17.3% vs 52.5%; home or dormitory: migrant workers vs all citizens: 0.9% vs 14.3%). Compared with citizens, migrant workers had lower scores in injury severity scores and new injury severity scores, but higher scores in revised trauma score and trauma and injury severity scores. The hospital course and prognosis were similar between migrant workers and citizens. Compared with citizens, migrant workers had a higher incidence of work-related injury and sustained less severe injuries. Under the coverage of the current health care and insurance system in Taiwan, migrant workers with trauma and work-related injuries receive comparable medical care and prognoses to citizens.

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population of 30 pharmacists filled the questionnaires and validity test was done. A sample of 700 pharmacists was selected among ten leading provinces of the country and questionnaires were distributed at the continuing pharmacy education conferences at which pharmacists all over the country have to participate. RESULTS: Three essential factors named "Endogenous Satisfaction", "Exogenous Satisfaction" and "Current Sense of Being Pharmacists" were considered as the main job satisfaction factors and a mean score of Ͼ3 -based on a 5-point Likert scale-was considered as high job satisfaction. Generally low scores of exogenous and endogenous job satisfaction were concluded among pharmacists while most of them were highly satisfied with being pharmacist. Male pharmacists were more satisfied than their female colleagues and a positive relationship between age and work experience with exogenous job satisfaction was found. CONCLUSIONS: Low levels of job satisfaction which were found among Iranian pharmacists could be considered as a deficiency of health system in Iran. Fortunately, inherent interest in the pharmacy profession found among Iranian pharmacists is an optimistic point at which policy makers could develop their modifying policies. Health policy makers must endeavor to take other steps to issue solutions for this current problem. OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the effectiveness and cost of pharmaceutical care volunteer team set up by Tainan City Government involved in the hospital attached home care patients. METHODS: Tainan City Government set up a pharmaceutical care volunteer team. Members include six hospitals and fourteen pharmacists. Pharmacists visited their home once a month to give them education on drug administration, drug interaction, duplicated drug use, adverse drug reaction etc. Pharmacists were created drug profile for each patient and recorded the items of education and discussed with their visiting physicians about their drug regimen in case there were inappropriated drug usage. The outcome measures included the decrease of items and quantities of drugs prescribed in one prescription, patients' knowledge of drug safety, and the decrease of drug cost and the estimated cost of preventing potential adverse drug effect or drug interactions. RESULTS: Total 583 patients include in this study, the average number of drugs prescribed to one patient was 5.93. There were 50.48% (209/414) and 24.88% (103/414) of patients treated with poly-pharmacy and used drugs inappropriately, respectively. The most common medication-related problems were the use of medication without proper indication 12.56% (52/414), repeat medication 2.90% (12/414), inappropriate administrate route 8.21% (34/414), poor compliance 47.83% (198/414), the potential adverse drug reactions and drug interactions appeared in 6 patients (1.45%) and 26 patients (6.28%), respectively. The effectiveness of pharmaceutical care volunteer team intervation included the physicians prescibing medications appropriately and reduced the items of average 5.46 med...