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Information about the seasonal distribution of forage growth rates and variability among years is needed to design improved grazing systems for the Appalachian Plateau. Growth rate and the influence of weather may depend on regrowth stage. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to develop a method to give separate seasonal growth rate curves for plots in the 1st and 3rd wk of regrowth, and to derive such curves for the Appalachian Plateau. The new method, which required 12 harvest schedules (identical except for starting date), was applied to orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) growing on a Gilpin silt loam (Typic Hapludult) near Beckley, WV, in 1986 through 1988. Growth rates were highest in spring each year, especially for plots in the 3rd wk of regrowth. Growth rates of plots in the 1st wk of regrowth showed a clear summer slump only in 1987 (during a prolonged drought). For plots in the 3rd wk of regrowth, periods of very low growth rate (apparently due to drought) occurred in both 1987 and 1988, but timing differed by approximately 4 wk between years. Growth rates in fall were generally less than or equal to summer growth rates, except in comparison to drought periods. Grazing strategies based on the expectation of higher growth rates in fall are unlikely to succeed on the Appalachian Plateau.

Objectives BNT‐162b2, mRNA‐1273, and Ad26.COV2.S vaccines data regarding adverse events (AEs) are scarce. In this report, we aimed to describe fatal and non‐fatal possible AEs after COVID‐19 vaccine administration. Methods An observational multicenter study investigating the causes of emergency department visits and hospital admissions within 10 days of COVID‐19 vaccination. Patients who received first or second doses of COVID‐19 vaccines and presented to the emergency department (ED), as well as those admitted to the hospitals or intensive care units (ICUs) were included. Causes of ED, hospital, and ICU admissions and discharges were collected based on the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD‐10) coding system. Results Between December 2020 and March 2021, 1842 patients visited the ED within 10 days of COVID‐19 vaccine administration. The mean age was 70.3 years. Overall, 1221 patients presented after the first dose of the vaccine and 653 after the second dose. Trauma (14.9%), hypertensive emergency/urgency (7.8%), generalized pain and arthralgia (5.7%), and chest pain (4.4%) were the most common causes of presentation to the ED. Of all ED presentations, mortality rate was at 2.2% (41 patients) with a median follow‐up time of 68.0 days, versus 2.6% in unvaccinated ED patients. Postvaccination acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (46.3%), septic shock (24.4%), and cardiogenic shock (12.2%) were the most common causes of death. Conclusion Although reported AEs are not necessarily caused by the vaccination, this study provides further information about possible AEs after COVID‐19 immunization, especially those requiring hospital admission. This study also supports prior data that serious AEs post vaccination are much lower than primary COVID‐19 infections. Further studies are needed to investigate causalities between vaccines and reported AEs across all age groups.

Six legume species and several varieties within the species were grown in a greenhouse pot experiment using the Bt horizon of a Lily (Typic Hapludult) soil. Lime treatments were 0 and 2.2 g Ca(OH) 2 /kg soil. Liming increased the soil pH from 4.6 to 6.2. The species and varieties responded differentially to lime. Both shoot and root growth of legumes showed a significant species and lime interaction effect. Based on tolerance index groups for shoot growth, alfalfa varieties were classified as very sensitive, red clovers and white clovers as sensitive and Essex soybean and Carroll birdsfoot trefoil as tolerant to the acid soil. The remaining legumes were grouped as moderately tolerant to the acid soil. Liming increased shoot concentrations of Ca in all the legumes and reduced concentration of Mg, K, and Zn. Species and varieties within species differed significantly in concentrations of all mineral elements studied except Mg. Further significant differences in elemental composition were observed due to both lime and lime species interactions. In the 1079

In temperate environments a warm‐season species is needed to provide forage during summer when the growth rate of cool‐season forages is low. Management data for warm‐season pasture is limited for the Appalachian region. A bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] selection RS1, has been identified which is capable of growth and persistence in areas where other cultivars of the species winterkill. A field study was conducted to determine RS1 bermudagrass productivity and quality as affected by a split application of 60, 120, 240, or 360 kg N ha−1 and a 2‐, 4‐, or 6‐wk delay of initial harvest on a fine‐loamy, mixed, mesic, Typic Hapludult (Gilpin) soil. Treatments were replicated four times in the field, and the study was conducted for 2 yr. Delaying initial harvest significantly increased yield in both years to more than 8 Mg ha−1 when 360 kg N ha−1 yr−1 was applied. Herbage yields typically ranged between 3 and 6 Mg ha−1 and would contribute substantially to forage requirements in mid‐summer in the region. Increased N resulted in higher herbage yield regardless of harvest delay regime. Herbage yields were about 25% less in 1989 than in 1988 and could be due in part to cool and wet conditions in 1989, compared to a hot, dry 1988 growing season. Bermudagrass in vitro dry matter digestibility and crude protein declined with delayed initial harvest (maturity), increased following the mid‐season N application, and continued to decline into late summer. Season average quality was not affected by initial harvest delay. Bermudagrass (RS1) will persist and respond to N fertilizer and defoliation management in cool, temperate environments and promises to be a useful component in forage‐based animal production systems in the region