In this study, ZnO was doped with 0.01% Mn and it is grown on p-Si by the sol-gel spin-coating method. Obtained the thin film was studied that to understand the effect of 0.01% Mn-doping ratio on the optical and electrical properties of ZnO structure. In this context, first, the morphological structure of the thin film was studied with the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM). The surface structure was obtained homogeneous, and roughness and fiber size were calculated between 27.2-33.6 and 0.595-0.673 nm, respectively. Second, the optical properties were characterized via ultravioletvisible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry. Third, the effect of light intensity on junction properties of the photodiode was studied. The current-voltage (I-V) of the photodiode was measured under dark and at the different intensities of illumination. Obtained results showed that the current of photodiode was increased with the intensity of illumination from 6.41 9 10 -7 to 5.32 9 10 -4 A. These results indicate that photocurrent under illumination is higher than the dark current. After that, the other parameters of the photodiode such as barrier height and ideality factor were determined from forwarding I-V plots using the thermionic emission model that the barrier height and the ideality factor were found 0.74 eV and 5.3, respectively. On the other hand, the capacitance-voltage (C-V) was measured at the different frequencies. The C-V characteristic shown that C-V characteristic of the photodiode was changed depends on increasing frequency. In addition, the interface density (D it ) value was decreased by increasing frequency too. Similarly, the serial resistance of the photodiode was also decreased by increasing frequency. Received all these results indicated that Mn-doped ZnO thin film sensitive to light and due to this property, it can be used for different optoelectronic applications as a photodiode and photosensor.

In this article, we investigate and apply Hamiltonian approach method as one of the analytical approximate techniques, for studying the strongly nonlinear dynamical systems such as the motion of a rigid rod rocking back on the circular surface without slipping and the free vibrations of an autonomous conservative oscillator with inertia and static-type fifth-order nonlinearities. To illustrate the applicability and accuracy of the method, the approximate solution results are compared with exact and numerical solutions.

The current paper discusses the physical impacts of the various initial boundary conditions of the free surface of a waterbody on the initiation and propagation characteristics of water waves due to the underwater perturbations. Differences between traditional point of view and applied numerical method in this paper for exertion the initial conditions of the generated waves by surface deformation were surveyed in the Lagrangian domain vs. Eulerian. In this article, the smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) technique was applied for simulating of wave generation process using initial boundary condition of water surface deformation through utilizing DualSPHysics numerical code and comparing the modeling results with recorded data. As a distinct approach, we studied the effects of discrete water particles on properties of produced surface waves by using the Lagrangian analytical capability of SPH model. Illustrative compatibility on simulation results with experimental data proves that meshless techniques such as applied in DualSPHysics software can reproduce physical properties of the event very well, and this is a suitable alternative to existing classical approaches for prediction of shock occurrences with nonlinear behavior such as generated surface water waves by underwater disturbance. Besides, the waveforms and their characteristics behave more realistic by considering the thrown upward water mass which was not directly considered in old formula and theories. The results of numerical modeling indicated rational agreement between numerical and empirical data proving that a complicated nonlinear phenomenon could be predicted by an SPH model which modified initial boundary conditions were supposed into the model with actual assumptions.