The aim of this study is to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the venoarteriolar reflex (VAR) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with and without peripheral neuropathy. Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) recordings were performed on the medial malleus and dorsal foot skin, before and during leg dependency in healthy controls, in persons with obesity, in those with T2DM, in those with T2DM and subclinical neuropathy, and in those with T2DM and confirmed neuropathy. LDF recordings were analyzed with the wavelet transform to evaluate the mechanisms controlling the flowmotion (i.e., endothelial nitric oxide-independent and -dependent, neurogenic, myogenic, respiratory and cardiac mechanisms). Skin blood perfusion decreased throughout leg dependency at both sites. The decrease was blunted in persons with confirmed neuropathy compared to those with T2DM alone and the controls. During leg dependency, total spectral power increased in all groups compared to rest. The relative contribution of the endothelial bands increased and of the myogenic band decreased, without differences between groups. Neurogenic contribution decreased in controls, in persons with obesity and in those with T2DM, whereas it increased in subclinical- and confirmed neuropathy. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that confirmed diabetic neuropathy alters the VAR through the neurogenic response to leg dependency.

Aim The study investigated changes in microvascular perfusion during post-exercise recovery in those with type 2 diabetes, with or without peripheral neuropathy, as well as in healthy controls and those with obesity. Methods Skin blood perfusion was assessed in each group using laser doppler flowmetry and laser speckle contrast imaging before and immediately after a six-minute walking test. Laser doppler flowmetry recordings underwent wavelet transformation to allow specific control mechanisms of blood perfusion to be studied (e.g. endothelial nitric oxide independent and dependent, neurogenic, myogenic, respiratory and cardiac mechanisms). Results Skin blood perfusion increased after exercise in all groups (22.3±28.1% with Laser speckle contrast imaging and 22.1±52.5% with laser doppler flowmetry). Throughout post-exercise recovery, the decrease was blunted in those with subclinical peripheral neuropathy and confirmed peripheral neuropathy when compared to the other three groups. After exercise, total spectral power increased in all groups. The relative contributions of each endothelial band was lower in those with confirmed peripheral neuropathy than in the healthy controls and those with obesity (nitric oxide-dependent function: 23.6±8.9% versus 35.5±5.8% and 29.3±8.8%, respectively; nitric oxide-independent function: 49.1±23.7% versus 53.3±10.4% and 64.6±11.4%, respectively). The neurogenic contribution decreased less in those with confirmed peripheral neuropathy and in those with type 2 diabetes alone, compared to those with subclinical peripheral neuropathy and those with obesity (-14.5±9.9% and -12.2±6.1% versus -26.5±4.7% and -21.7±9.4%, respectively). Conclusion Peripheral neuropathy, whatever the stage, altered the microvascular response to exercise via impaired endothelial and neurogenic mechanisms.

Physiologic pituitary enlargement is common during normal pregnancy. However, symptoms such as diplopia, blurred vision and headache resulting from physiologic pituitary enlargement are very rare during pregnancy. A 43-year-old woman complained of sudden headache and left eye ptosis at 36th weeks of gestation. An magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated the pituitary enlargement and a macroadenoma without a compressing of the optic chiasm, but with an extension to the left cavernous sinus. 48 hours after the prescription of the bromocriptine, we had a spectacular evolution with disappearance of the headache and a total regression of the ptosis. We report a case of visual loss due to the physiologic pituitary enlargement or to the macroadenoma during pregnancy, which regressed after the prescription of bromocroptine.

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