The aetiology of pyelonephritis remains obscure, although many investigations have been carried out on the hypothesis that pyelonephritis results from recurrent infections of the lower urinary tract (Pinkerton et al., 1961 ;Fry et al., 1962;Cattell et al., 1963 ;Hanley, 1963).The aim of this study was to determine the duration of postoperative urinary infections in women, and the subsequent incidence of recurrent cystitis or pyelonephritis. It Physical examination included examination of ocular fundi and the blood-pressure.A urine specimen was obtained by the " tube " method described by Leather and Hutchings (1960). Examination by microscopy for pus cells and by quantitative culture was carried out within two hours of collection, or, when this was not possible, the specimen was stored immediately in the refrigerator. The urine was regarded as infected if it contained at least 100,000 organisms per millitre. Bacterial counts of 10,000/ml. or less were not considered significant, and when counts between 10,000 and 100,000/ml. were obtained a second specimen of urine was cultured. Blood specimens were obtained for haemoglobin, white-cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Wintrobe method), and blood-urea estimations.Patients in group 1 who were found to have a urinary infection at follow-up were investigated by excretion urography

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IMPACTION OF SWALLOWED FOREIGN BODIES. METDICBRJITNA 345 IMPACTION-OF SWALLOWED FOREIGN BODIES.

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