Minute elements detected in Megaselia scalaris (Phoridae, Diptera) lack chromosome arms but carry centromeres and possess kinetochore microtubules in mitosis as well as in meiosis. These centromere-like elements (CLEs) were present in two geographically independent strains of the fly. This indicates that their origin is not a recent event in the karyotype evolution of M. scalaris and that they are rather stable constituents of the karyotype. Most often, two CLEs were found in gonial and somatic mitosis. Spermatocytes contained one CLE. Two individuals examined deviated from this rule in that a metaphase spermatogonium showed three and an anaphase spermatogonium eight CLEs. These animals are believed to have been aneuploid relative to the CLEs. An analysis of spermatogonial division revealed that the CLEs behave like the centromeres of the regular chromosomes but seem to separate precociously, since they were closer to the spindle poles in late anaphase cells. Whereas the size of the CLEs was not significantly different between mitotic cells and secondary spermatocytes, the CLEs in primary spermatocytes were larger in volume by a factor of about 4.5 than those in mitosis and meiosis II. The additional material is interpreted as a glue that holds two CLEs together. This, in turn, is a prerequisite for orderly segregation. The function of the CLEs is not known. They are considered as B chromosomes reduced to the minimum required for segregation, the centromere.

Megaselia scalaris has a karyotype of two metaccntric chromosome pairs, indistinguishable from one another, and an acrocentric chromosome pair. All three pairs can carry the male determining factor (Mainx, 1966;Tokunaga, 1955b). Seven cytogenetic markers, translocations T1-T7, and three new genetic markers, ge, By and sh, were isolated and characterized during this study. The translocations involved two or all three chromosomes of a haploid chromosome set. All translocations recovered were male specific, transmitted from father to all sons. This allowed us to locate the male determining factor, M, on one of the two metacentric chromosomes in our strain 'Wien'. By crossing the new gene mutants with the cytogenetic markers, the autosomal mutants ge and By could be located to the acrocentric chromosome, and the partially sex-linked mutant sh to a metacentric. The results are intended to serve as a framework to fit in molecular markers.

We describe six new mutants, spontaneous or EMS-induced, and a previously isolated radiation-induced mutant of Megaselia scalaris Loew (Diptera, Phoridae). Five are eye-color mutants, one affects the segmentation of the abdomen, and one disturbs the regular form and arrangement of ommatidia in the compound eye. A complementation test exposed two pairs of alleles among the five eye-color mutants, leaving three different loci that affect eye pigmentation. Two of them influence the amount of xanthommatin synthesized, and one blocks the ommochrome pathway at the kynurenine step. We established chromosome assignment of the mutants by crossbreeding them with Y chromosome-autosome translocation strains.