The kinetics for the low-pressure synthesis of methanol from CO and H, were studied in a small integral reactor. The mole fraction of CO was varied from 0.1 to 0.54, the total pressure from 3 to 9 MPa and the temperature from 483 to 545 K. Using the maximum likelihood approach, seventeen possible reaction rate correlations were evaluated statistically. Among these models three appear to fit the experimental data satisfactorily. Kurzfassung Kinetische Untersuchungen der Methanolsynthese aus CO and H, mit einem Niederdruckkatalysator wurden in einem kleinen, integralen Versuchsreaktor durchgefiihrt. Die Molfraktion des Kohlenmonoxids im Synthesegas, der Totaldruck und die Temperatur wurden entsprechend von 0.1 bis 0.54, von 3 bis 9 MPa und von 483 bis 545 K variiert. Siebzehn verschiedene Reaktionsgeschwindigkeitsansatze wurden einer auf dem 'Maximum Likelihood Prinzip' griindenden statistischen Auswertung unterworfen. Drei Ansatze ergaben eine befriedigende Uebereinstimmung mit den MeBdaten. Synopse Die katalytische Hydrierung des Kohlenmonoxids ist heute der wichtigste Produktionsweg zum Methanol [I]. Trotz der scheinbaren Simplizitiit der mit Gl. (I) vorgestellten Reaktion ergaben bisherige Studien [2-151 kein eindeutiges mechanistisches Bild dieser Reaktion (Tab. I). Durchfiihrung genauer Messungen und Verarbeitung der MeBdaten wet-aim durch die drastischen Reaktionsbedingungen, das stark exotherme Verhalten der Reaktion, sowie durch das Auftreten verschiedener Nebenreaktionen (GI. (2)-(6)) bedeutend erschwert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit beabsichtigten wir eine adtiquate kinetische Korrelation fur die Reaktion (I) auf dem BASF S3-85 Niederdruckkatalysator zu finden. Auch die Lebensdauer des Katalysators in Abwesenheit des Kohlendioxids im Synthesegas solite festgestellt werden. Bronzeblock zum Temperaturausgleich ausgestattet (Abb. 2(a)). Das Katalysator-Festbett besteht aus (0.7-1.2) x IO-'m Katalysator-Splintern die mit zermahlenem Alumina-Trager vermistiht sind, so dap die Katalysatorbett-Ldnge 40 x lop3 m betriigt. Der Totaldruck wird mit einem Druckregler eingestellt. Die Stabilittit und Homogenitiit der Temperatur wird mit fiinf kalibrierten Thermoelementen kontrolliert. Die Temperaturregelung erfolgt automatisch mit Hilfe eines Hewlett-Packard 9826 PC. Kalibrierte CO/H, Mischungen werden dem Reaktor aus einer Batterie von Hockdruck-Zylindern zugefiihrt. Der Gasdurchsatz wird mit zwei Priizisionsventilen am Reaktorausgang geregelt und mittels einer Gasuhr gemessen. Die Analyse der Gasgemische am Eingang sowie am Ausgang des Reaktors erfolgt gaschromatograjisch mit Hilfe eines WdrmeIeitftihigkeitsdetektors. Als Tragergas wird Wasserstofl verwendet. Das Mejsystem ist auf Abb. 1 gezeigt. Ein Festbett-Vor der Inbetriebnahme wird der Katalysator mit reaktvr von integralem Typ wurde wegen seines beson-N,lH,-Gemischen-bei steigendem Molenbruch von ders einfachen Aufbaus gewiihlt. Der IO x 10e6 m3 Wasserstoff unter 0.4 MPa und bei 443-523 K langsam Reaktor hat einen Durchmesser von 8 x 10e3 m und ist reduziert. N...
Dedicated to Pro5 Dr. Hanns Hofmann at the occasion of his 65th birthdayA mathematical model for the description of the non-steady state process of decoking of a fixed bed catalytic reactor is presented. The relevant dimensionless groups are identified and their influence on the process discussed. Appropriate relationships are given for the estimation of the maximum temperature in the bed. Methods of monitoring the process and of controlling it in the case of unknown or variable coke contents are explained.
Abstra+ThereIS a growmg mterest to design and operate chemical processes for reduced energy consumphon As an example a compmson IS made between the dlstdlation of bmary rmxtures m a coaventmnal dxxtillation column, a vapour recompresslon system and a two column heat mtegrated system For ali three con@rahons constramt control schemes are proposed UtWy costs can be reduced with about a factor of two by usrng a heat u&grated system lNTRODUCTlONIn the way it IS commonly apphed m the chemxal mdustry, dMllation 1s an energy consummg process heat IS added 111 order to evaporate and dlstlll a mixture and coohng has to be Introduced to urlthdraw the added energy (Fig 1) It should come as no surpnse that ideas have been proposed to decrease energy consumption m dlsaation [l-4] One system wluch was designed to conserve energy was the use of a heat pump by usmg the heat of condensation of overhead vapour for reborn (Fw 2) The attractiveness of tfus opt1011 e&rely depends on the thermodynamic etlicrency of the heat P-P Another way to conserve energy is to replace a smgle column by two heat mtegrated columns m parallel, as shown m FGg 3 The overhead vapour from the first column 1s used as a heatmg medium for the second column reboller The first column must be operated at a higher pressure than the second column because the bottom of the second column will be ncher m higher bolllng components than the top of the first column, and a temperature dtierence 1s required for heat transfer In this paper optunal operation of the different configurations for dlstrllatlon wti be studied startmg from a more or less optunal design ST pwhere V IS the vapour flow from the reboder, SAH/GT IS the vmatlon of the heat of vapormtion w&h temperature and c,, IS the spectic heat of the feed In our particular study the first term m eqn (3) was about five tunes higher than the second term Therefore the costs of feed preheatmg were ignored and for the thud term m eqn (2) the rebodmg costs were taken For the conventional smgle column and the heat mtegrated two column system electnclty costs were ignored. resultmg m an objective function J=c,,D+cBB-c&-cwW (4) There are five degrees of freedom for a gven feed, which enters the column under botimng pomt conditions (see Fig 1) the pressure P, the bottom product flowrate B, the dlstlllate flowrate D, the top reflux ratio RT and the bottom reflux ratio Rg The bottom reflux ratio can be associated with the steam flow to the reboller As D and B have to be used for level control, there are three remauung degrees of freedom In this study the top product quality was specdied for which RT was chosen somewhat arbltrardy as manipulated vanable Hence for the conventtonal dlstdlatlon process the two degrees of freedom were the pressure P and the bottom reflux ratto Ra or vapour flow from the reboder V (11) The vupour recompressron system (see Fig 2) Compared to the conventional dlstdlatlon process there 1s one extra degree of freedom the pressure after compression However, the reboller and condenser are not mdepende...
A new method to design heat exchangers is proposed, which is based on the process description by Kays and London and lends itself very well to optimization.
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