Solid oxide fuel cells with Ni-MnO/yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) tricomposite anode supports were fabricated with different MnO concentrations, and the coking tolerances and catalytic activities were investigated in wet CH 4 atmosphere. Ni 0.9 (MnO) 0.1 /YSZ (10MnO) anode support cell exhibited a maximum power density of 210, 354, 505, and 620 mWcm -2 at 700, 750, 800, and 850°C, respectively, in H 2 . Moreover, a maximum power density in wet CH 4 reaches 504 mWcm -2 at 800°C; while the Ni/YSZ cell showed poorer performances. The coking tolerance improved with an increase in their MnO content, and the 10MnO anode showed the highest tolerance. 10MnO exhibited stable performance for more than 40 h in wet CH 4 without undergoing deactivation. Furthermore, it showed negligible coke formation of 0.0045 g of coke per catalyst, during testing under steam reforming-like conditions at a steam-to-carbon (S/C) ratio of 1. Outlet gas chromatography analysis indicated that MnO suppresses CH 4 cracking, while only minimally lowering the catalytic activity of steam reforming. Thus, it can be inferred that MnO promotes the adsorption of steam and oxygen on the reaction sites, owing to its high basicity and oxygen storage capacity. The increase in the local S/C and oxygen-to-carbon ratios suppresses CH 4 cracking and promotes coke gasification.
Removal of ammonia gas was investigated using a biofilter system packed with small cubes of polyurethane sponge that were coated with a powder mixture of activated carbon and natural zeolite. Experimental tests and measurements include removal efficiency, pH, metabolic products of ammonia and kinetic analysis. A removal efficiency over 90% can be obtained with ammonia concentrations below 150 ppm and at contact times above 23 sec.The ammonia adsorbing power of the present biocarrier can protect the biofilter system from a high ammonia shock loading in the feed. The maximum removal rate, Vm, obtained from the kinetic analysis is 8.47 g N (kg carrier)(-1) day(-1) and the saturation constant Ks is 50.36 ppm. Nitrite is produced dominantly during the entire experiments. The cell number of nitrifying bacteria is 1.58 x 10( cell (g carrier)(-1). The present synthetic bio-carrier is considered to be one of the best among bio-carriers that have been used for the biofiltration of ammonia.
The preparation and thennotropic phase behavior of coil-rod-coil triblock molecule of docosyl 4-(4-oxy-4'-biphenylcarbonyloxy)-4'-biphenyl carboxylate with poly(ethy1ene oxide) of twelve ethylene oxide subunits (E-12-22) and the complexes of the triblock molecule with LiCF3S0, are presented. E-12-22 appears to be only a smectic liquid crystalline. However, the complexation of E-12-22 with LiCF3S.03 induces a rich variety of enantiotropic liquid crystalline phases. The complexes of E-12-22 with 0.104.30 mol of LiCF3S03 per ethylene unit of a molecule exhibit successively cubic, columnar and smectic A mesophases on heating. The thermal stability of the mesophase exhibited by the lithium complexes based on each triblock molecule increases with increasing salt concentration.
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