BackgroundPulmonary tuberculosis (TB) persists an important contributor to the burden of diseases in developing countries. TB control success is based on the patient’s compliance to the treatment. Depressive disorders have been negatively associated with compliance of therapeutic schemes for chronic diseases. This study aimed to estimate the significance and magnitude of major depressive episode as a hazard factor for negative outcomes (NO), including abandon or death in patients receiving TB treatment.Methodology/Principal FindingsA longitudinal study was conducted to evaluate the association of major depressive episode (MDE), as measured by a 5-item version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) with NO to TB treatment. Patients with confirmed TB were enrolled before the start of TB treatment. Baseline measurements included socio-demographic variables as well as the CES-D, which was also applied every month until the end of the treatment. Death and treatment default were assessed monthly. Survivor function (SF) for NO according to MDE status (CES-D≥6) at baseline (MDEb) was estimated. Cox’s Regression was performed for bivariate analyses as well as for the multivariate model. A total of 325 patients accepted to participate in the study, of which 34 where excluded for diagnosis of MDR-TB. NO was observed in 24 patients (8.2%); 109 (37%) presented MDEb. Statistically significant difference was found on the SF of patients with and without MDEb (0.85 vs. 0.96, p-value = 0.002). The hazard ratio for NO, controlled for age, sex, marital status and instruction level was 3.54 (95%CI 1.43–8.75; p-value = 0.006).ConclusionThe presence of MDE at baseline is associated to NO of TB treatment. Targeting detection and treatment of MDE may improve TB treatment outcomes.

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The four auricular arrhythmias, premature systoles, paroxysmal tachycardia, flutter, and fibrillation, have been investigated in over 200 dogs by three methods: (1) high speed cinematography, (2) cathode-ray oscillography, and (3) multiple-channel electrocardiography. The hitherto unexplored body of the left auricle has been surgically exposed and thoroughly studied. Results indicate that all four arrhythmias are of unitary origin and may occur from one ectopic focus. The resulting arrhythmia depends largely upon the rate of discharge from that focus. There is no circus movement. Corroborative observations have been made on the arrhythmias in man. This conception of the auricular arrhythmias simplifies the understanding of their mechanism.S INCE the classic studies of Lewis and his associates' on the nature of the auricular arrhythmias, comparatively little has been published on this phase of the subject. Levi is believed that his experiments established the following concepts concerning the mechanisms of the auricular arrhythmias:1. That auricular flutter is due to a regular circus movement in the auricles which sweeps around the openings of the venae cavae. The main impulse usually travels in a counterclockwise direction up the right auricle, circling the superior vena cava, then down the left auricle, and around the inferior vena cava, thus completing the circus. Regular daughter waves are sent off the main wave to the remainder of the auricles.2. Auricular fibrillation is due to a circus movement of the same general type as that of auricular flutter, but in this instance the impulse pursues a tortuous and redundant path around the venae cavae and sends off irregular daughter waves to the remainder of the auricles.3. Paroxysmal auricular tachycardia is of a different nature. Lewis believed that a rapidly discharging ectopic focus in the auricle is responsible for the arrhythmia; no circus movement is present. Other investigators, however, do favor circus movement as the mechanism of auricular tachycardia. The evidence that Lewis gathered with regard to circus movement appeared so complete that his conclusions have been accepted as fact in most modern textbooks of physiology, cardiology, and medicine.For the past three years we have been taking high-speed, colored cinematographs of the auricles of the intact dog's heart. A Western Electric Fastax 16-mm. camera was used with which films were taken at speeds up to 2,000 frames per second. When films taken at 2,000 frames per second are projected at eight frames per second the motion of the auricles is slowed 250 times. Auricular events that occur in one second take four minutes to view on the screen. A magnifying lens is used which enlarges the auricle 100 or more times on projection. By careful photographic technic, and lighting the field with twelve RSP-2 photospot incandescent lamps, excellent pictures are obtained showing the most minute detail of auricular activity. By means of such pictures, the auricular contraction wave can actually be seen for the first...