Background:In acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF), diuretic use, the mainstay therapy for congestion, is associated with electrolyte abnormalities and worsening renal function. Vasopressin mediates fluid retention in heart failure. In contrast to diuretics, the vasopressin antagonist tolvaptan may increase net volume loss in heart failure without adversely affecting electrolytes and renal function. Hyponatremia (serum sodium concentration, <135 mEq/L) is a predictor of death among patients with heart failure.Objective:We prospectively observed the short term efficacy and safety of low dose (15 mg) tolvaptan in admitted patients with hyponatremia and ADHF in Indian population.Methodology:A total of 40 patients with ADHF along with hyponatremia (<125 mEq/L) on standard therapy were treated with 15 mg of tolvaptan at a single oral dose for 7 days.Results:Serum sodium concentrations increased significantly after treatment with tolvaptan from baseline (P < 0.02). There was a significant improvement in symptoms and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class after starting tolvaptan (P ≤ 0.05). Total diuretic dose and mean body weight was reduced non-significantly at 7th day from the baseline. Side-effects associated with tolvaptan included increased thirst, dry mouth and increased urination. Few patients had worsening renal function. However, several patients developed hypernatremia.Conclusion:In this small observational study, tolvaptan initiation in patients with ADHF with hyponatremia in addition to standard therapy may hold promise in improvement in NYHA class and serum sodium. At the same time, we observed that serious adverse events such as renal function deterioration and hypernatremia developed after tolvaptan treatment, which needs to be addressed in future by randomized study with larger sample size.

The study area covers 1026 sq km comprising of 15 sub-watersheds, namely Saggiyam (SB-1), Mudoldoddi (SB-2), Halgapuram (SB-3), Deverabetta (SB-4), Mattugaudanadoddi (SB-5), Handgalli (SB-6), Manchepura (SB-7), Lokkanahalli (SB-8), Chinchalli (SB-9), Prakash palya (SB-10), Naripura (SB-11), Adugulpodu (SB-12), Ramayanadoddi (SB-13), Jodukara hatti (SB-14), Depudisahibradoddi (SB-15) which range in area from 16.87 to 180.02 sq km. Different morphometric parameters were evaluated to understand the drainage characteristics. The drainage pattern of these sub basins have been delineated using Geocoded FCC bands 2, 3 and 4, of IRS 1C and 1D (LISS 111+ PAN merged) on 1:50,000 scale and Survey of India Toposheets as reference. The morphometric parameters are computed using Arc Info and Arc View GIS software's. The drainage pattern of the study has shown dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage pattern with stream orders ranging from 4th to 5th order. The Drainage density ranges from 1.51 to 4.83 km/km 2 suggesting coarse to moderate drainage texture.The change in values of stream length ratio indicates their late youth stage of geomorphic development. The values of bifurcation ratio are ranging from 0.11 to 20.75 indicating that the study area is having strong structural control over the drainage pattern and all the sub basins fall under normal basin category. The values of form factor and circulatory ratio, suggest that the sub basins are elongated to circular in shape. Geographic Information System, when used with satellite images, could help in determining the morphometric parameters of watershed and river basins. It is concluded that remote sensing ground and GIS have been proved to be efficient tools in drainage delineation and updation.

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Groundwater is becoming a scant resource in part of Kollegal taluk, Chamarajnagar District, Karnataka State. This area receives an average annual rainfall of 696 mm. Groundwater has been the major sources of irrigation and drinking purpose for several years almost 80 percent of area is underlain by hard rocks. The study area is drought prone, most of the people in this area depend on groundwater for drinking water and agriculture. Therefore, constant monitoring and assessment of water resource is necessary. The study area is bounded by Yelandur and T. Narasipura Taluk to the west, Mandya and Bangalore to the North, and East and South it is bounded by Dharamapuri District of TamilNadu this area is located in the south eastern corner of Karnataka. The area is located between 77 0 5 1 to 77 0 30 1 East longitude 11 0 45 1 to 12 0 15 1 North latitude with an areal extent of 1026sq km covering 138 villages coming under the Survey of India Toposheet (SOI) numbers are 57 H/4, 57H/7, 57H/8,, 58E/1 and 58E/5. The study area comes under the semiarid region. In recent years, this region has been facing water scarcity as well as water quality problems. The major sources of employment are sericulture, agriculture and horticulture, engaging almost 70% of the workforce. Water samples have been collected from 68 locations of the study area, during the monsoon year 2016, The collected samples were analysed for chemical parameters. In the study area Ca-Mg-HCO3 type of water predominates during the mansoon season of year 2016. On the basis of hydro-chemical facies classification the water is found to be suitable for irrigation.The other evaluated parameters are SAR, RSC, salinity sodium hazard and USSL Classification.