Light has found applications in data transmission, such as optical fibers and waveguides and in optoelectronics. It consists of a series of electromagnetic waves, with particle behavior. Photonics involves the proper use of light as a tool for the benefit of humans. It is derived from the root word “photon”, which connotes the tiniest entity of light analogous to an electron in electricity. Photonics have a broad range of scientific and technological applications that are practically limitless and include medical diagnostics, organic synthesis, communications, as well as fusion energy. This will enhance the quality of life in many areas such as communications and information technology, advanced manufacturing, defense, health, medicine, and energy. The signal transmission methods used in wireless photonic systems are digital baseband and RoF (Radio-over-Fiber) optical communication. Microwave photonics is considered to be one of the emerging research fields. The mid infrared (mid-IR) spectroscopy offers a principal means for biological structure analysis as well as nonintrusive measurements. There is a lower loss in the propagations involving waveguides. Waveguides have simple structures and are cost-efficient in comparison with optical fibers. These are important components due to their compactness, low profile, and many advantages over conventional metallic waveguides. Among the waveguides, optofluidic waveguides have been found to provide a very powerful foundation for building optofluidic sensors. These can be used to fabricate the biosensors based on fluorescence. In an optical fiber, the evanescent field excitation is employed to sense the environmental refractive index changes. Optical fibers as waveguides can be used as sensors to measure strain, temperature, pressure, displacements, vibrations, and other quantities by modifying a fiber. For some application areas, however, fiber-optic sensors are increasingly recognized as a technology with very interesting possibilities. In this review, we present the most common and recent applications of the optical fiber-based sensors. These kinds of sensors can be fabricated by a modification of the waveguide structures to enhance the evanescent field; therefore, direct interactions of the measurand with electromagnetic waves can be performed. In this research, the most recent applications of photonics components are studied and discussed.

the notch band and UWB passband are 2.4 dB and 2.6 dB, respectively. For the notch band, MAR of the transmission skirt is 32.94 dB/GHz calculated from 5.34 GHz with À3 dB to 6.24 GHz with À14.6 dB. The inevitable insertion loss observed in operation frequency higher than 5 GHz can be improved by replacing the substrate with other materials having a smaller loss tangent than that of FR4. Table 2 lists the performance comparison among the fabricated UWB-BPF and other filters in previous publications. It is shown that the proposed UWB-BPF adopting C-shaped DGS structure has the advantage of miniaturization. CONCLUSIONSA compact structure of a reconfigurable UWB-BPF with embedded notch band has been presented. The notched band is introduced by two open-loop resonators on the top layer whose length is equal to half-wavelength at 5.8 GHz. The C-shaped slot on the bottom layer provides a full bandwidth of UWB systems. The desired specifications can be easily achieved by tuning the sizes of both the resonators and C-shaped slot, which can be further applied to other communication systems. The design is successfully realized in theory and verified by fullwave EM simulation and measurement. The proposed UWB-BPF is promising for using in UWB wireless technologies due to the advantages of simple structure and compact size. ABSTRACT: We propose a new system of the multiplexed sensors using a series of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), where the gratings separation lengths, Bragg wavelength, dip length, and birefringence can be configured as the sensing information. The transmission spectrum of a dual fiber Bragg gratings has been derived. Value of separation length between two FBGs, dL, is varied from 0.5 to 5.5 cm. The dip of separation length affects the transmission spectrum, which is indicated by the numbers of minimum dip values. Results show that the increasing in the separation length (dip length) between two FBGs leads to the formation of phase shift and increases the number of minimum transmission dip. For the dual FBGs to be used as a Fabry-Perot interferometer, it must have the smallest possible separation length. The multiplexed sensing application of more than two physical parameters can be operated by using such effects, for instance, strain, temperature, and gas sensor is plausible, while the self calibration between them is also available.

No abstract

The development of optical fibers from attenuation and absorption of fiber material for efficiency and quality has produced several positive results. However, several natural negative factors and environmental errors cause problems such as birefringence and dispersion mode variations. This article therefore proposed a simulation of birefringence and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) to investigate the emergence of interference and efforts towards finding a solution to the problem of optical fiber. Moreover, a single-mode fiber was investigated at the core refractive index and cladded with a core radius and fixed sample for a wavelength of infrared regimes. The performance of fibers was also evaluated through the determination of the PMD value of the fibers. The simulation results showed the difference observed in birefringence produced the power affecting the output. Meanwhile, the PMD also produced the light waves discovered to be experiencing widening pulses in the cladding.

No abstract