No abstract

Background: Cisplatin (CP) is a chemotherapy drug and nephrotoxicity is considered as its major side effect. Aerobic exercise is well known as an approach to reduce the side effects of many drugs. Objectives: This study was designed to determine the protective role of aerobic exercise against CP-induced nephrotoxicity. Materials and Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups. Group I had aerobic exercise on a treadmill one hour per day and five days per week for eight weeks. Then, the exercise protocol was continued for another week, but during this week, the animals also received CP (2.5 mg/kg/day; ip). Group II underwent the same protocol as group I without exercise in the last week during the CP therapy. Groups III and IV were assigned as positive and negative control groups, and were treated with CP and saline without exercise, respectively. Finally, the animals were sacrificed for the biochemical measurement and tissue histopathology investigation. Results: CP alone without exercise increased serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), and malondialdehyde (MDA); and kidney nitrite level, while treadmill exercise in group I significantly ameliorated these parameters (P < 0.05). Kidney and serum levels of MDA and nitrite did not alter significantly. Also, the severity of kidney tissue damage decreased significantly in groups I and II (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Aerobic exercise may reduce CP-induced nephrotoxicity with a favorable effect on renal function by increasing activation of antioxidant system.

Background:Cisplatin (CP) is a chemotherapy drug and nephrotoxicity is considered as its major side effect. Aerobic exercise is well known as an approach to reduce the side effects of many drugs.Objectives:This study was designed to determine the protective role of aerobic exercise against CP-induced nephrotoxicity.Materials and Methods:Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups. Group I had aerobic exercise on a treadmill one hour per day and five days per week for eight weeks. Then, the exercise protocol was continued for another week, but during this week, the animals also received CP (2.5 mg/kg/day; ip). Group II underwent the same protocol as group I without exercise in the last week during the CP therapy. Groups III and IV were assigned as positive and negative control groups, and were treated with CP and saline without exercise, respectively. Finally, the animals were sacrificed for the biochemical measurement and tissue histopathology investigation.Results:CP alone without exercise increased serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), and malondialdehyde (MDA); and kidney nitrite level, while treadmill exercise in group I significantly ameliorated these parameters (P < 0.05). Kidney and serum levels of MDA and nitrite did not alter significantly. Also, the severity of kidney tissue damage decreased significantly in groups I and II (P < 0.05).Conclusions:Aerobic exercise may reduce CP-induced nephrotoxicity with a favorable effect on renal function by increasing activation of antioxidant system.

Fresh, uncracked pistachio nuts were tested forAAspergillus immediate drying in the sun. Commercially hulled and flavus and aflatoxin before and after a commercial washing dehulled nuts, inoculated with A. flavus spores, were treatment. The wash water was a source of fungus incubated for as long as 4 mo at relative humidities of 25, 65, contamination, but in spite of this, no aflatoxin was and 100%. No aflatoxin was detected on nuts stored at the produced when the nuts were exposed to low humidity after lower humidities, but was detected at 100% relative humidity. Previous experiments in our laboratory have shown machine drying with hot air. After most of the pistachio that pistachio (Pistachia vera L.) nuts contain aflatoxin nuts are ripe and have been harvested, uncracked nuts are produced by Aspergillus flavus Link after ripening but soaked in water, hand cracked, and dried. before harvest (5). The greater the percent of open nuts Wash water from a commercial washer was tested for the greater the percent of contamination (5). fungal contamination by sterile serial dilutions of the Under field conditions in Rafsanjan, the Owhadi water samples. The dilutions were plated on 2% water (kermani) cultivar of pistachio nut may be 75-90% open agar (WA). After incubation at 25 C for 4 days, the and remain on the tree for up to 3 mo following ripening, number of propagules of A. flavus and other fungi per Yet in some years only 1-3 % nuts may be contaminated milliliter of wash water was recorded. by only a trace to 5 j#g/ kg aflatoxin. In other years up to For nut studies, 100 commercially-dehulled, washed 75% of the nuts may be contaminated with up to 2,000 and unwashed pistachio nuts were surface sterilized in g!g/kg (5). We also observed that unripened and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 10 min, placed in sterile unopened nuts damaged by insects contained significant petri plates containing salt malt agar (SMA) (1), and amounts of aflatoxin at the same time that undamaged incubated at 25 C for 1 wk. After incubation, the percent nuts were free of aflatoxin (10). The objectives of the of nuts contaminated with A.flavus was recorded. When present study were twofold: (i) to evaluate the importance whole nuts were used, they also were surface sterilized of fungal contamination and aflatoxin production by with sodium hypochlorite. In some instances following analyzing wash water during the processing of surface sterilization of nuts, they were manually cracked commercial pistachio nuts (as designated second stage and the outer green shell, inner hard shell, and kernel contamination by Suzangar et al) (9), and (ii) to aseptically removed and each placed separately on SMA investigate the role of relative humidity (RH) as a possible plates. If the inner hard shell was unsplit before cracking, reason for the variation in percent and amount of it was omitted from the test. aflatoxin contamination of pistachio nuts in the field. Spores of A. flavus, produced after 1 wk at 25 C on 2% potato-dextrose agar, were used to inoculate comm...

The main purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of three types of endurance (E), resistance (R) and combined (C) exercise on the rate of growth hormone (GH) secretion in active men. Fifteen healthy, active young men (mean age ± SD of 23 ± 1.604 years, height 173 ± 3.751 m, weight 69 ± 8.742 kg) were participated in research voluntarily. The same subjects were taking part in three types of exercise in three different time with 7-day interval among them. Blood samples taken before, immediately and 20 min after the exercise. t Test and analysis of variance were used to analyse the data (p<0.01). Results show GH secretion rate increased signifi cantly immediately and 20 min after exercise (E) and immediately after exercise (C) compared to pretest. There were no signifi cantly increase in the rate of GH secretion 20 min after exercise (C), immediately and 20 min after exercise (R). There was no signifi cant differences between the rate of GH secretion (immediately and 20 min after exercise) after E and C exercise and there was no signifi cant difference between GH secretion immediately after exercise and 20 min after exercise (E, R, C). There were signifi cant differences between GH secretion immediately and 20 min after exercise (E with R) and (C with R). Exercise directly leads to GH production changing pattern, which in turn results in creation of new tissues. It is believed that GH concentrations can change with exercise. The results of this research showed that GH concentrations was increased after endurance exercise (20 min and immediately after exercise compared to pretest), and combined exercise. It is generally concluded that various types of physical activity has a different effects on the GH responses.