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Experimental porcine nephropathy: Changes of renal function and structure perorally induced by crystalline ochratoxin A. Acta path. microbiol. scand. Sect. A, 84: 429-434, 1976. Nine pigs were fed crystalline ochratoxin A in amounts corresponding to a feed level of 1 mg per kg for 3 months. The only observable lesion developed was a kidney damage, identical to the naturally occurring porcine nephropathy. The changes of renal function was characterized by impairment of proximal tubular function, indicated by a decrease of the ratio ?'mPAH/C,,,, of the ability to concentrate urine, and by an increased urinary excretion of glucose. The decrease of the ratio 1mpAH/CI,, is correlated with time of exposure to ochratoxin A. The changes of renal structure were characterized by degeneration of the proximal tubules, leading to tubular atrophy accompanied by interstitial fibrosis. At the end of the experiment the kidney, liver, adipose and muscular tissue of the slaughtered pigs contained sizable amounts of ochratoxin A residues. As the pigs would have passed the meat inspection this represents a possible health problem. T h e changes observed in this study are identical to those observed by feeding to pigs grains naturally contaminated with ochratoxin A.

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Abstract. Nine pigs were fed crystalline ochratoxin A in their feed at a concentration of about I mg/kg. Three pigs and their controls were killed after 3 months and 6 pigs and controls were killed after 2 years. A decrease of the ratio TmlB..tI1/CI,,. increased urinary glucose excretion and decreased ability to concentrate urine. occurred within a few weeks and aggravated slightly during the 2-year period. Changes in renal structure. characterized by degeneration and atrophy of proximal tubules. interstitial fibrosis and hyalinization of glomeruli, were progressive during time of exposure. but terminal renal failure was not reached. The kidney. liver. muscular and adipose tissue contained 3 to 27 p g ochratoxin A/kg after 3 months of exposure. N o further accumulation of ochratoxin A residue was found after 2 years of exposure.Mycotoxic nephropathy is a naturally occurring disease of pigs and poultry [5, 81. Ochratoxin A, a dihydroisocoumarin derivative linked through its 7 carboxy group to L-P-phenylalanine, is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin of several species belonging to the fungal genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. This compound. occurring in feeds and foods, has been observed as a major disease determinant of porcine and possibly also avian nephropathy [5, 61. Porcine nephropathy similar to that of naturally occurring cases [3, 141 has been reproduced by exposure to ochratoxin A during a 3-to 4-month period [7]. Ochratoxin A has been suggested as a causal determinant of Balkan (endemic) nephropathy [4]. A recent survey indicated that foodborn exposure to ochratoxin A is higher in an endemic area than in nonendemic areas [ 121.