Results of the comprehensive analysis of emissions from a pressurized fluidized-bed combustion unit (the Exxon Miniplant) are described as an illustration of the methodology for comprehensive analysis. The results are discussed in the context of the overall environmental assessment of the process being conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The comprehensive analysis of the fluidized-bed combustion emissions and process streams involved approximately 740 measurements on about 90 samples, using more than 40 different inorganic, organic, and physical analytical methods. A brief discussion on the sampling methods and analytical techniques is also included.

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Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1984, 23, 538-545 x = mole fraction of methane in solution A a = solubility constant, eq 4 A@ = solubility constant, eq 4 y = activity coefficient AA = solubility constant, eq 4 4 = fugacity coefficient vij = moles of ith ionic species per mole of jth dissolved salt e = residual, eq 6 Registry No. Methane, 74-82-8. Literature CitedArnold, D. S.; Plank, C. A.; Erlckson, E. E.; Pike, F. P. Ind. Eng. Chem., Chem. Eng. Data Ser. 1958, 3, 253-256. Blount, C. W.; Price, L. C.; Wenger, L. M.; Tarullo, M. Proc. 4th U.S. Gulf Coast GeopressurebOeothermaI Energy Conference: Research and Development: Dorfman M. H.; w. L. Flsher, Ed.; Center for Energy Studles,The sulfation characteristics of "estone/dolomite sorbents in a vertlcal pneumatic transport reactor operated with or without the spent sorbent recycle are examined In this study. Experiments are performed in a 25.4-cm (10 in.) pilot scale reactor where limestone/ddomlte reacts with sulfur dioxide generated from coal combustion. A mathematical model i s employed to account for the SW dkxide conversian and the sorbent utilization in the vertlcal pneumatic transport reactor as a scrubber for flue gas desulfurization with limestone/dolomite sorbents. The comparison between the experimental data and model prediction is conducted.

A heterogeneous model is developed to account for noncatalytic gas-solid reactions in a vertical pneumatic transport reactor. The model takes into consideration both the positive and negative variations of the solid porosity and the variation of the gas diffusivity with the reaction. The method of lines utilizing the second order centered finite difference scheme for the spatial discretization is employed fo obtain the model solution.Experiments utilizing a vertical pneumatic transport reactor of a laboratory scale are performed to study the reaction between limestone and sulfur dioxide generated from coal combustion. The reactor is of 16.2 cm ID and 610 cm in length. The experimental data for sulfur retention are reported for various superficial gas velocities and calcium-sulfur molar ratios. Verification of the model with experimental data is conducted. The agreement between the model prediction and experimental data is satisfactory. LIANG-SHIH SCOPEThe vertical pneumatic transport reactor has been widely utilized for catalytic fluid reactions and noncatalytic fluid-solid reactions. Reported modeling efforts on the reactant conversion in the reactor have been mainly concerned with the catalytic fluid reactions. Little modeling effort, however, has been placed on the noncatalytic fluid-solid reactions in the reactor. Furthermore, little experimental information is available on the reactor performance for either catalytic fluid reactions or noncatalytic fluid-solid reactions in the literature.In this paper, a heterogeneous model for a noncatalytic gassolid reaction in the vertical pneumatic transport reactor is developed. The model takes into account the empirical correlations for the hydrodynamic properties, gas-film diffusion around the solid particle and variation of the gas diffusivity in the particle during the reaction. The effects of various operating parameters of the reactor on the reactant conversion are analyzed. Experiments utilizing a vertical pneumatic transport reactor are also carried out to study the noncatalytic gas-solid reaction. The reaction selected for the study is the sulfation reaction between limestone and sulfur dioxide which is generated from coal combustion. Model verification with the experimental data is conducted. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCEA heterogeneous model for a noncatalytic gas-solid reaction in the vertical pneumatic transport reactor is developed. Numerical simulation is made of the effects of various operating parameters on the conversion of the gas and solid reactants. The results indicate that the gas reactant conversion increases with the increase of the solid flow rate, the decrease of the gas superficial velocity, and the increase of the reaction rate constant. Increasing the particle diameter would either increase or decrease the gas reactant conversion, depending on the rate of diffusion in the particle.Experiments are conducted using a 16.2 cm ID and 610 cm in length vertical pneumatic transport reactor in which limestone is reacted with SO2 generated from coal ...

OhioSummary. The present study was conducted to determine the feasibility of growing bacteria in quantity on solid media in closed vessels. Five techniques were investigated in the laboratory, including growth on agar, growth on packing in beds, growth on solids in a fluidized bed, growth in foamed medium, and growth on semipermeable membranes. Data obtained from the laboratory experiments were used to scale up these techniques on paper and compare the projected plants with a conventional submerged fermentation production. All the techniques compared unfavourably with submerged culture on the basis of plant and operating costs, operating complexity, equipment complexity, and safety. One technique of surface culture, growth on semipermeable membranes, appears to offer a decided advantage over submerged culture, in that the cell product can be recovered directly as a paste. Further work on this technique is recommended.