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The performance of a photovoltaic module at Standard Test Conditions (STC) is valuable for comparing the peak performance of different module types. It does not, however, give enough information to accurately predict how much energy a module will deliver when subjected to real operating conditions. There are several proposals for an energy rating for PV modules which attempt to account for the varying operating conditions that one encounters in the field. In this paper, we present an approach with the emphasis on simplicity and practicality that incorporates existing standard measurements to determine the energy output as a function of global in-plane irradiance and ambient temperature. The method is applied to crystalline Si modules and tested with outdoor measurements, and a good accuracy of prediction of energy production is observed. Finally, a proposal is made for a simple Energy Rating labeling of PV modules.

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The spin alignment of the 15N3/2, (6.33MeV) state was measured in the S SSr(160, 15N)89y reaction at EL=96MeV using the 7-recoil method. Angular distributions of excited states in ~SN and Sgy were measured with high accuracy. The analysis in terms of DWBA shows that the spin alignment is correctly described by the usual reaction models. The polarisation of the outgoing 15N1/2(GS ) and 15N*/2(6.33MeV ) is discussed. It is shown that cross section differences for transitions to final states with different configurations are sensitive to a spin-orbit potential of ~SN. The strength and sign of the spin-orbit potential for 15N is determined.