Cross-infection control procedures practiced by a high proportion of the respondents to the survey conform to guidelines suggested by various authorities. Further education may be appropriate in a number of areas such as mask wearing and the need to change gloves between patients.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the awareness of orthodontic patients of the importance of glove wearing by orthodontists, and consisted of a patient completed questionnaire carried out at an orthodontic clinic in Ireland. The subjects were 194 consecutive patients [122 (63 per cent) female, 72 (37 per cent) male; mean +/- SD age: 15.5 +/- 2.2 years] attending an orthodontic clinic. They completed a questionnaire designed to determine their attitudes to the wearing of gloves by orthodontists. Most patients (97 per cent; n = 188) considered that orthodontists should routinely wear gloves. However, approximately 15 per cent of patients (n = 30) would attend an orthodontist who did not wear gloves. Ninety-four per cent (n = 182) of patients considered that gloves were worn to protect both the orthodontist and the patient. A total of 86.5 per cent (n = 168) of patients thought that the orthodontist should change gloves between patients. The overwhelming majority of patients surveyed demonstrated a strong awareness of the importance of glove wearing by orthodontists. The results suggest that many patients will not attend an orthodontist who does not wear gloves during treatment.

Some aspects of recommended cross-infection control procedures are well adhered to, e.g. instrument cleaning, but further education is required in certain key areas, in particular the use of chemical sterilisation, dental handpiece autoclaving and impression disinfection. There is also a need to increase awareness of the importance of routine autoclave servicing and calibration, along with validation and monitoring.

The shear forces necessary to remove ceramic brackets from human premolar teeth using mechanical and electrothermal debonding techniques were compared and the post-debond enamel characteristics were evaluated. The temperature rise in the pulp cavity during electrothermal debonding was recorded. The samples were tested sequentially on a shear jig attached to an Instron Universal Testing Machine. The results indicate that removal of ceramic brackets with an electrothermal debonder requires less force than with a mechanical debonding technique. Furthermore, the associated pulp temperature rise appears to be within currently established biologically acceptable limits. However, the indices that are commonly used to define the condition of the enamel surface following debond may not be applicable to electrothermal debonding.

RESEARCHpost-operative pain definitive diagnosis. A clear understanding of the pain experience associated with soft tissue biopsies would aid clinicians in preparing patients for these procedures. The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence and severity of post-operative pain and the use of analgesics following incisional and excisional biopsy of lesions of the oral mucous membranes.