Preterm infants frequently present with respiratory insufficiency requiring respiratory assistance. Invasive mechanical ventilation has been associated with several short and long term complications. Therefore, the practice of early use of non-invasive ventilation has been adopted. Nasal CPAP proved efficacy as an initial therapy for preterm infants. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation is an alternative used to mitigate CPAP failure in infants with apnea or increased work of breathing. High flow nasal cannula gained popularity primarily due to the ease of its use, despite multiple prominent trials that demonstrated its inferiority. Bi-level positive airway pressure and neurally adjusted non-invasive ventilatory are used in infants with apnea and increased work of breathing. The effectiveness of non invasive ventilation tools can be augmented by having a proper protocol for initiation, weaning, skin care, positioning, and developmental care during their application.

The recent resurgence of the Black Lives Matter movement has catalysed long overdue discussions around racial and ethnic discrimination, and systemic racism in institutions globally. One area where these discussions are crucial is within the medical field: staff and students from all backgrounds have been lobbying for change. Based on the approach of various faculties, this paper makes recommendations for establishing a race equality working group within a medical school. An evidence‐based approach outlines the existing problems, potential solutions and practical advice on how to implement them.