The development and future aspects of waste incineration in Germany are described with emphasis to corrosion problems. The heterogeneity of waste and special components are the cause of higher corrosion risk in comparison with other fuels, e.g. coal.The materials used in waste incineration plants are preferably the same as in fossil-fuel fired boilers, namely un-and low-alloyed steels. Constructive measures are used to avoid enhanced corrosion.Examples are given for enhanced fire-side corrosion of evaporator and superheater tubes. Corrosion in the combustion chamber is to about 50% caused by local reducing conditions. At the other 50% chlorine compounds play a decisive role. Corrosion in the superheater area is usually caused by "high temperature chlorid corrosion". Die Entwicklung der Miillverbrennung in Deutschland und die zukiinftigen Aussichten werden unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Korrosionsprobleme beschrieben. Die Heterogenitat des Mulls und spezielle Inhaltsstoffe sind die Ursache eines hoheren Korrosionsrisikos im Vergleich zu anderen Brennstoffen, 2.B. Kohle. Die in Miillverbrennungsanlagen eingesetzten Werkstoffe sind vorzugsweise die gleichen, wie in fossil befeuerten Anlagen, namlich unund niedriglegierte Stahle. Konstruktive Maanahmen werden angewandt, um verstarkte Korrosion zu vermeiden. Es werden Beispiele fir die rauchgasseitige Korrosion von Verdampfer-und Uberhitzerrohren gegeben. Im Feuerraum wird die Korrosion zu etwa 50% durch reduzierende Bedingungen verursacht. Bei den iibrigen 50% spielen Chloridverbindungen eine ausschlaggebende Rolle. Im Uberhitzerbereich wird die Korrosion gewohnlich durch ,,Hochtemperaturchloridkorrosion" verursacht.

Background: In March 2018, NHS England published guidance for Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs; NHS bodies that commission health services for local areas) to encourage implementation of policy to reduce primary care prescriptions of over-the-counter medications, including simple analgesia. Aims: To investigate: the impact of guidance publication on prescribing rates of simple analgesia (oral paracetamol, oral ibuprofen and topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDS]) in primary care; CCG implementation intentions; and whether it has created a health inequality based on socioeconomic status. Design and Setting: Interrupted time series analysis of primary care prescribing data in England. Methods: Practice-level prescribing data from January 2015 to March 2019 were obtained from NHS Digital. Interrupted time series analyses assessed the association of guidance publication with prescribing rates. The association between practice-level prescribing rates and Index of Multiple Deprivation score (a marker of socioeconomic deprivation) before and after publication was quantified using multivariable Poisson regression. Freedom of information requests were submitted to all CCGs. Results: There was a 4% reduction in prescribing of simple analgesia following guidance publication (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] 0.96, 95% CI 0.92-0.99, p=0.027), adjusting for underlying time trend and seasonality. Practice-level prescribing rates were greater in more deprived areas. There was considerable diversity across CCGs in whether or how they chose to implement the guidance. Conclusion: Guidance publication was associated with a small reduction in the prescribing rates of simple analgesia across England, without evidence of creating an additional health inequality.

Fireside corrosion in German fossil fuel-fired boilers is described out of the view of a laboratory engaged with failure analysis.With German boiler design and German fossil fuel ferritic steels can be used for the tubing in the evaporator and superheater section. Corrosion rates, which have to be expected normally are below 10 nm/ h for evaporator tubes and below 25 nm/h for superheater tubes. The appearence of corroded tubes is described and discussed in respect of the corrosion mechanism.In the evaporator section enhanced corrosion risk is mainly due to an increased chemical load, namely reducing conditions or chlorine compounds in the combustion products.In the superheater section higher than normal metal temperatures and stresses, by which the integrity of the oxide layer is destroyed, are the most important factors for increased corrosion rates.Die rauchgasseitige Korrosion in deutschen, mit fossilen Brennstoffen befeuerten Kesseln wird aus der Sicht eines mit Schadensuntersuchungen befafiten Labors beschrieben.Mit deutscher Kesselauslegung und deutschen fossilen Brennstoffen konnen ferritische Stahle im Verdampfer und Uberhitzerbereich eingesetzt werden. Die normalerweise zu erwartenden Korrosionsraten liegen unterhalb von 10 nmih fur Verdarnpfer-und unterhalb von 25 nm/h fur Uberhitzerrohre. Das Erscheinungsbild wird beschrieben und irn Hinblick auf den Korrosionsmechanismus diskutiert .Beschleunigte Korrosion im Verdampferbereich ist hauptsachlich auf eine erhohte chemische Belastung zuruckzufuhren, narnlich auf reduzierende Bedingungen oder Chlorverbindungen in den Verbrennungsprodukten.Irn Uberhitzerbereich sind uberhohte Wandtemperaturen sowie Spannungen, durch welche die Integritat der Oxidschicht zerstort wird, die wichtigsten Faktoren fur erhohte Korrosionsgeschwindigkeiten.

The paper presents the findings of a research on the selection of methodology for revealing the microstructure in metallographic investigations on the example of the single-crystalline CMSX-4 nickel-based superalloy. A set of chemical and electrochemical methods of etching has been selected. The metallographic specimens from the analyzed material have been treated with the etchants. After every etching procedure, microphotographs of the microstructure were taken by means of an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. Both useful and disadvantageous effects of etching with the respective etchants have been displayed. The etchant application for a qualitative and quantitative analysis has been considered on the basis of the enclosed microphotographs. As a result, examples of a computer-aided detection of the phases and microstructural constituents present in the analyzed CMSX-4 alloy for the selected revealing methodologies have been demonstrated. The described investigations enable a better understanding of the essence of the selection of the microstructure revealing methodology and its influence on the obtained results.