Prolonged irradiation with light causes a variety of chemical and structural modifications in wool fibers. This study investigates the time dependence of such modifications using determinations of the relative native α-helix content ( HX r ) and wet bundle tensile strength ( R w ). For all conditions, HX r decreases with time following on the In-time scale curves of very similar shapes, which can be superimposed onto a common mastercurve relating to a first-order denaturation process. A strong protagonistic effect of humidity is detected. The time-dependence of tensile strength shows a pronounced qualitative similarity to the HX r -results. Data set interrelation is well described by linear regression with and without a y -axis intercept. The significance of this observation with respect to the structure of the intermediate filaments is discussed.Prolonged irradiation with light causes a variety of chemical and structural modifications in wool fibers, such as the cleavage of peptide and disulfide bonds, the oxidation of lipids, and the formation of new crosslinks. In concert with the chemical changes, there is deterioration of mechanical properties. These changes are important in the processing of wool as well as the practical performance of wool textile products. The effects of light on wool have been reviewed in detail by Maclaren and Milligan [ 13 ] .Our aim in this study is to evaluate modifications of wool fibers caused by light irradiation, simulating regions of the natural spectrum and using both structure and property related methods, namely a-helix denaturation enthalpy as measured by high pressure DSC ( HPDSC ) and wet bundle tensile strength. Special emphasis is given to an investigation of the time depen-, dence of light induced changes and to the overall correlation of the parameters. The contents of this paper . are part of a larger study [ 15 ] on the effects of light on a variety of chemical, physical, and morphology-related properties of wool fibers. . ExperimentalThe material investigated was a natural white, medium weight (265 g/m 2 ) Merino wool twill fabric with minimal finish, used in the form of 21 X 21 cm samples. The spectral ranges of UVA, UVB, and artificial sunlight were achieved by specific lamp/filter-combinations. The angle of irradiation was 90° and the distance between samples and light source was 28 cm. The samples were contained in boxes of UV-transparent perspex, in which the relative humidity was controlled by exposure to appropriate glycerol / water mixtures. Treatment conditions are summarized in Table I, which also lists the codes by which they will be referred in what follows. The spectral irradiation intensities for the various wavelength ranges were measured at the position of the samples and are given in Figure 1 together, for comparative purposes, with the curve for natural sunlight in Arizona (U.S.A.). A detailed description of the irradiation equipment is given in reference 15 and is also the subject of a separate publication [ 26 ] . ' TABLE I. Sumary o...

The development of a new sensor generation with a significant performance gain is mainly aimed at increasing the sensitivity. In addition to that, a variety of properties such as integrability, power consumption, robustness, reliability, cross-talk sensitivity, and others, can be equally important. Some properties scale directly with sensitivity, whereas others show trade-off characteristics. An overview of different approaches for new sensor generations with enhanced performance is presented and discussed in this article. The main focus is on new microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) elements, fabricated within a standard high-aspect-ratio micromachining process and capacitive working principle. Herein, a novel MEMS-based bandpass, a gap reduction technique, fluted electrodes for reduced damping, and a novel direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, is proposed. Acoustic emission sensing is chosen as example application to underline the challenging requirements for the design. Furthermore, the recent improvements in technology are presented. Based on bonding and deep reactive ion etching (BDRIE), it allows larger aspect ratios as well as through-silicon vias and low-pressure encapsulation. Consistent further miniaturization leads to the use of nanoscopic elements within MEMS as sensing component instead of the conventional electrostatic working principle. Unique properties of graphene rolls or carbon nanotubes (CNTs) enable promising sensitivity improvements if they are integrated at wafer-level. Therefore, a design concept and formal verification-tool is presented.

Efficiency of catching adult Ephestia elutella (Hbn.) on adhesive pheromone traps in slightly and heavily infested stores Studies on the reduction of infestations with the Warehouse moth (Ephestia elutella Hbn.) by adhesive strips with or without added (Z,E)‐9, 12‐tetradecadienyl acetate (TDA) were carried out in two large granaries. In a granary with high population density (average daily catch of 750 moths) 10 576 males, representing approx. 64 % of all captured males, were caught on 14 pheromone traps within one month. In another granary with low population density (average daily catch of 6 moths) 431 males, i.e. approx. 77 % of all captured males, were caught on 7 pheromone traps within four months. Irrespective of the pheromone dosage (3.3 or 52.4 μg TDA per capsule, 1.7 or 20 μg TDA per 100 m3 air space) and the extent of infestation, from 61 to 70 per cent of moths were caught on all pheromone traps. In the densely infested store approx. 1.6 times more moths were captured per pheromone trap than per control trap, whereas in the slightly infested store the above trapping ratio increased to 9. If compared with controls, pheromone traps caught 1.8 or 13 times more males in the densely or slightly infested stores, respectively. Under different degrees of infestation, the ratio of male to female moths was similar on the pheromone traps (6:1), but varied on the control traps (3 or 1.4:1). The proportions of male moths caught by pheromone traps remained essentially the same after transposition of the above lures (67, 71 or 72 %). Due to trapping of large numbers of male moths in the less infested granary, the usual fumigation by phosphine could be postponed by one year. The possibility of causing insectistasis by adhesive pheromone traps was demonstrated in granaries. Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen in zwei Getreideschüttbodenlägern in Berlin (West) von Juni bis Oktober 1976 ergaben, daß unabhängig von der Pheromondosierung (1,7 μg bzw. 20 μg TDA/ 100 m3) und der Befallsstärke (750 bzw. 6 täglich gefangene Ephestia elutella Hbn.) an pheromonbeköderten Klebefallen von 61 bis 70 % sämtlicher Motten gefangen wurden. Pro Pheromonfalle wurden bei dichtem Befall 1,6 und bei schwachem Befall 9mal soviel Motten gefangen wie pro unbeköderte Kontrollfalle. Bei dichtem Befall war die Anzahl der pro Pheromonfalle gefangenen Männchen 1,8‐mal und bei schwachem Befall 13mal so hoch wie die Anzahl der an den Kontrollfallen gefangenen Männchen. Das Verhältnis der Männchen und Weibchen an den Pheromonfallen war in beiden Lägern ähnlich und betrug 6:1; andererseits war es an den Kontrollfallen der verschieden stark befallenen Läger 3 bzw. 1,4:1. Auch nach Versetzen der TDA‐Köder blieb der Anteil der an den Pheromonfallen gefangenen Motten am Gesamtfang stets gleich hoch (67 %, 71 %, 72 %). Die für das eine Getreidelager in Aussicht genommene Begasung gegen Motten konnte um ein Jahr verschoben werden.

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