This paper deals with influences and optimizing of changing process conditions for physical refining of palm oil. These process variables are temperature, pressure, residence time, fluid flow and stripping steam to oil ratio. These parameters influence not only finished oil quality, oil yield, energy consumption and running costs, but also content and yield of natural stabilizers like tocopherols or color compounds like carotenes, and last, but not least, environmental load of waste water and exhaust air as studied under industrial plant conditions. With the right pretreatment process physical refining of palm oil is not only much more economical than chemical refining in connection with stripping steam deodorization, but also causes much less pollution by waste water and exhaust air. Under all these aspects the performance of continuously operated industrial plants now in use for physical refining of palm oil is being examined. Because of the water solubility of the low‐boiling thermal degradation products, the effluents of nearly all installations must be specially treated to fulfill today's legal requirements on BOD and on COD as well as on oil and grease content. The only exception is a new counter‐current two‐step film type physical refining process in connection with a combined sophisticated steam ejector vacuum and two‐step exhaust air washing system, with which, without any air pollution, COD values of <50 for waste water are possible. For best oil quality deacidification should be done with pressure drop of less than 1 torr at 2 to 3 torr tap pressure at 260 C working temperature with residence times of 10 min and counter‐current exchange efficiency of 6 to 8 theoretical plates.
This paper discusses the optimal process conditions for production of individual fatty acids of any desired purity up to higher than 99% and describes especially the influences of column internals as well as exchange numbers, reflux ratios and fatty acid residence times at distillation temperatures. The new process conditions are characterized by degasification at low temperatures followed by efficient dehydration together with separation of first cuts at high reflux ratios by short-time dephlegrnation. The design of columns for efficiency and low pressure drop is influenced by the thermal properties of crude acids and the quality demands on distillate fractions, Environmental requirements can be met by working without open steam. Bottom temperatures should not exceed 250 C, to prevent thermal degradation of fatty acids as well as corrosion of stainless steel. ABSTRACTPretreatment of crude tallow or fish oil fatty acids with bleaching clays considerably improves the rate of hydrogenation with several different catalysts. Several series of tests were run to demonstrate these effects, and the data are presented.
Die vorliegende Untersuchung befaDt sich mit der Frage, wie sich durch zwedcentsprechende Schaitung und Konstruktion der Einzelelemente einerseits die Betriebskosten der Anlagen zur Fettsaure-Geradeausdestillation im Zeichen stark ansteigender Energiepreise weiter senken lassen und andererseits noch Qualitatsverbesserungen durch schonendere Behandlung der thermisch und oxidativ sehr empfindlichen hoheren FettsCureninsbesondere der mit Doppelbindungenerzielt werden konnen. Nach dem von uns entwidtelten Destillationsprinzip far derartige empfindliche Systeme gliedert sich die Aufarbeitung in drei Anlagenteile: die Vorstufe zur Entgasung, Entwasserung und Desodorierung, die Hauptdestillation und die Nahlaufstufe zur Pechabtrennung. In die Betrachtung einbezogen werden neben Fragen des Umweltschutzes vor allem die Einflusse der Beheizung, der Aufenthaltszeit, der Dichtigkeit und der Korrosion.
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