Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of neurological damage in young human populations. Vitamin B 12 has been reported to promote axon growth of neuronal cells after peripheral nerve injury, which is currently used for the treatment of peripheral nerve damage in the clinical trial. Thus, we hypothesized that TBI can be attenuated by vitaminB 12 treatment through its beneficial role on axon regeneration after nerve injury. To confirm it, the biological function of vitaminB 12 was characterized using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, Luxol fast blue (LFB) staining, western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry staining. The results showed that the neurological functional recovery was improved in the VitaminB 12 -treated group after TBI, which may be due to downregulation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress-related apoptosis signaling pathway. Moreover, the microtubule stabilization, remyelination and myelin reparation were rescued by vitamin B 12 , which was consistent with the treatment of 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), an endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitor. The study suggests that vitamin B 12 may be useful as a novel neuroprotective drug for TBI.

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Skin lipids obtained from the washings, in acetone or diethyl ether, of the foreheads or arms of humans are very repellent to female Aedes aegypti when evaluated in a dual-port olfactometer. By means of thin-layer chromatography, the repellent substances can be separated from nonrepellent material also present in skin lipids.

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