We compared the utility of different adiposity measures in predicting indices of insulin sensitivity and secretion. At their pre-randomization visit for a 1 year, randomized, double masked, placebo controlled trial of metformin extended release, 47 (to date, of a planned 135) obese adolescents had a 7 point, 180 minute, 75-gm OGTT. Inclusion criteria included a BMI greater than the 95 th centile and weight of less than 137 kg. Subjects had a mean age of 14.6 (13-18) years. 21 (45%) were male and 55% were non-Hispanic white. Insulin sensitivity was estimated using the Composite Insulin Sensitivity Index [CISI, 1/((mg/dL)(µU/mL))]. Insulin secretion was calculated using the Corrected Insulin Release at glucose peak [CIRgp, ((µU/L)/(mg/dL) 2 )]. Total adiposity was measured using BMI and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA-whole body (WB)). Trunk adiposity was measured by DXA-TK and a CT slice aligned with the L4-L5 intervertebral disk. This CT slice was also used to partition intraperitoneal (CT-IP) and subcutaneous (CT-SQ) fat. While the mean body weights were similar (98.9 vs 100 kg), girls, as expected, had greater adiposity than boys (DX-WB 42[138}6% vs 36Ϯ6% fat). Moreover, non-Hispanic whites, while having similar adiposity, had greater insulin sensitivity (CISI 3.88Ϯ3.00 vs 3.38Ϯ4.55). CISI was highly correlated with fasting insulin concentrations (r = Ϫ0.95, p ≤ 0.0001). Intraperitoneal fat (CT-IP), while constituting only 14% of abdomen fat, had the strongest correlation with CISI of all the measures of adiposity (Table ).

were confirmed to be adipocytes by light microscopy. Gene expression levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Results: Although adipocyte size measurements between IR and IS groups did not differ significantly, the IR group had a higher small to large cell ratio (1.66Ϯ 1.03 vs. 0.94 Ϯ 0.50, P ≤0.05). Adiponectin, PPAR␥1, PPAR␥2, and GLUT4 all showed 2-3 fold lower levels of expression in the IR group (n=5) compared to the IS group (n=5). In contrast, there were no significant differences in Adipsin and SREBP-1c expression in both groups. Conclusions: Our observation of a bimodal distribution of small and large cells in both IR and IS groups, and a larger ratio of small adipocytes in IR compared to IS individuals is a novel finding. Gene expression analysis suggests that there is probably a decrease in differentiation since GLUT4 and Adiponectin, known markers of terminal adipocyte differentiation, were significantly decreased in the IR group. However since SREBP-1c and Adipsin were not differentially expressed in both groups more work will need to be done to further characterize the adipocyte differences in the IR and IS groups and to determine the significance of adipocyte size and insulin resistance status.

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor located in the human mammary epithelial tissue. Every year, more than 1.2 million women from all over the world are suffering from breast cancer and this incidence is rising by 0.2% to 8% per year. In USA, breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer for women. In China, the incidence of breast cancer is increasing, trailing just behind metrocarcinoma, which is the most serious and common malignant tumor that affects the health of women.At present, the treatment used for breast cancer is a comprehensive treatment system that integrates surgical treatment, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Radiotherapy is considered to be the most effective breast