A photorefractive (PR) composite based on poly(4-(diphenylamino)benzyl acrylate) (PDAA) as a host photoconductive matrix is reported. The PR performance was investigated at three different wavelengths (532, 561, 594 nm), and an optimized operating wavelength of 532 nm was obtained. The PDAA composite had high sensitivity at 532 nm with a maximum diffraction efficiency of 480%, which was achieved at an applied electric field of 40 V lm À1 . An application with a hologram display system using the PR composite was demonstrated. A clear and updatable hologram of an object was successfully reconstructed in real time, even at a low applied electric field of 25 V lm À1 .

Photorefractive performances of the composites using two kinds of photoconductive triphenylamine-based polymer have been compared and investigated. One polymer is poly(4-(diphenylamino)benzyl acrylate) (PDAA). The other is newly synthesized one of photoconductive acrylate polymer with methoxy substituted triphenylamine pendant, poly(4-((4methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)amino)benzyl acrylate) (PMPAA). The methoxy substituent in PMPAA does not only shift the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of the polymer, but also effectively enhances the chromophore orientation. Larger phase shift is confirmed by using the modified photoconductive polymer of PMPAA. The plasticizer of (4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)methanol (TPAOH) (IP = − 5.64 eV) works as an effective trap in the PDAA (IP= − 5.69 eV)based composite, resulting in higher diffraction efficiency. Diffraction efficiency of 70 % and fast response time of 25 ms (dominant) is measured at 532 nm under the moderate electric field of 45 V/µm.

Ethanol steam reforming (ESR) is one of the potential processes to convert ethanol into valuable products. Hydrogen produced from ESR is considered as green energy for the future and can be an excellent alternative to fossil fuels with the aim of mitigating the greenhouse gas effect. The ESR process has been well studied, using transition metals as catalysts coupled with both acidic and basic oxides as supports. Among various reported transition metals, Ni is an inexpensive material with activity comparable to that of noble metals, showing promising ethanol conversion and hydrogen yields. Additionally, different promoters and supports were utilized to enhance the hydrogen yield and the catalyst stability. This review summarizes and discusses the influences of the supports and promoters of Ni‐based catalysts on the ESR process.

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