This study investigated acculturation and the perceived parent-child acculturative gap as predictors of the quality of parent-child relationships among 172 Asian American college students and their parents. It was expected that both acculturation level and perceived parent-child acculturative gap would play significant roles. The results showed that only perceived parent-child acculturative gap was significant across all assessed dimensions of the mother-child relationship (depth, support, conflict, and satisfaction), whereas both acculturation level and perceived parent-child acculturative gap were significant in only two dimensions of the father-child relationship (conflict and satisfaction). Overall, perceived parent-child acculturative gap was a stronger predictor than was acculturation level. Findings from this study provide implications for future research and intervention approaches with Asian American families. KEY WORDS: acculturation • acculturative gap • Asian American families • generational status • immigrants • parent-child relationships • psychosocial stress Journal of Social and Personal Relationships

Drawing from two samples of Asian American emerging adults, one in an ethnicallyconcentrated context (n = 108) and the other in an ethnically-dispersed, mainly White context (n = 153), we examined (a) how ethnic identity and other-group attitudes were related to psychosocial functioning (i.e., depression, self-esteem, and connectedness to parents) and (b) how these relations were moderated by context. Results (direct effects) indicated that ethnic identity predicted more positive functioning in terms of self-esteem and connectedness to parents, whereas other-group attitudes predicted more positive functioning in terms of self-esteem and depression. Furthermore, moderated effects indicated that the links with other-group attitudes did not vary with context but that the links with ethnic identity did. Ethnic identity was linked to more positive functioning in terms of depression and connectedness to parents only for those in the ethnically-concentrated context. These findings demonstrate how different types of functioning are differentially influenced by ethnic identity and other-group attitudes and by the contexts in which these identities and attitudes are embedded.

Downloaded from JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY Nguyen et al. / ACCULTURATION AND ADJUSTMENTThis study examined possible links between acculturation and adjustment in 182 Vietnamese youths living in a primarily Anglo-American community. Extending past work, the present research employed a more complex perspective on both acculturation-cast as separate levels of involvement in the native and host cultures-and adjustment-measured across personal (distress, depression, self-esteem), interpersonal (family relationships), and achievement (school grade point average) domains. Results indicated that, as expected, involvement in the U.S. culture predicted positive functioning across all three adjustment domains, and involvement in the Vietnamese culture predicted positive family relationships. Contrary to hypotheses, involvement in the Vietnamese culture related negatively to personal adjustment (i.e., distress). These findings are discussed in terms of the apparent complexities of the acculturation-adjustment link, particularly with regard to the utility of viewing acculturation from a two-dimensional framework and the need to consider the type of adjustment indices examined and the social contexts in which ethnic groups reside.The immigrant experience and its multifaceted consequences have been a focus of interest in a variety of scholarly disciplines, including psychology. Such work has addressed many important questions about the immediate and long-term impact of this pervasive change in circumstance both for the newcomers themselves and for their children, who together come to comprise a AUTHORS'NOTE: This article is based on the first author's master's thesis and conducted under the guidance of the second and third authors. We wish to thank the following people: Joel Aronoff and Rubén Rumbaut for their valuable advice and insightful comments; the administrations and staffs of the Lansing and East Lansing Public Schools and the staff of the Lansing Research Office, particularly Lelio Casola, Karen Smith, Yvonne Caamal-Canul, and Marion Phillips, for their help in recruiting and testing participants; Hoa Nguyen, Hanh Dinh, and Trong Le for serving as interpreters; Nghia Tran of Catholic Social Services for translating the consent form;

The purpose of this study was to develop an acculturation scale that: (1) empirically demonstrated the bidimensional model; and (2) that pertained to the concerns of Vietnamese adolescents. Altogether, 191 Vietnamese students (ages 10–23) were recruited from eight middle schools and high schools in Lansing, Michigan (USA). Based on responses from their questionnaires, results indicated that The Acculturation Scale for Vietnamese Adolescents (ASVA) demonstrated good reliability and validity overall. Confirmatory factor analyses also demonstrated support for the ASVA's two dimensions (Involvement in the Vietnamese Culture and Involvement in the US Culture) and four life-domains within each dimension (i.e., Group Interactions, Everyday Lifestyles, Family Orientation, and Global Involvements). The CFAs indicated that the ASVA's two-factor and four-factor structures achieved an excellent fit to the data and furthermore, that a bidimensional, two-factor model was superior to a unidimensional, bipolar one predominantly used in acculturation scales today. As such, this study demonstrated the utility of viewing acculturation from a two-dimensional framework; it also provided researchers a practical, 2D scale to use.

BackgroundMedication adherence is essential to achieve successful methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). However, treatment adherence among MMT patients in the mountainous setting in Vietnam has not been yet investigated. This study aimed to explore the medication adherence and associated factors in MMT patients in Tuyen Quang, a mountainous province.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted in two MMT clinics namely Tuyen Quang and Son Duong. Convenience sampling method was used to recruit patients. Adherence to MMT was assessed by using three questions: 1) number of days that they missed doses in the last 4 days; 2) whether they missed doses during the last weekend and 3) when they missed a dose within the last 3 months. Adherence was considered optimal if patients reported ‘no’ to three questions. Socioeconomic status, health status (measured by EuroQol-5 Dimensions – 5 Levels – EQ5D5L and Visual analogue scale – VAS), substance use and abuse and methods to support adherence were also collected.ResultsAmong 241 patients, 34.4% reported optimal adherence. Self-help was the most popular (89.2%) method used to support adherence. Risk factors of missing doses and suboptimal adherence included higher education and economic status; being a worker/farmer; longer duration of treatment; and suffering pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Protective factors were older age, having problems in usual activities/self-care, higher EQ-VAS and EQ-5D index; and reminded by mobile phone and family members.ConclusionsThis study found a high sub-optimal adherence rate among MMT patients in a mountainous setting in Vietnam. Measuring adherence by using several simple items could be used periodically to monitor the treatment adherence in the clinical setting. Family and mobile phone support would have a potential role in supporting patients to adhere treatment.