Peat soil classified as high organic content with diverse range of fibers, distinctive intrinsic properties with low shear strength. The behaviour of peat soils under dynamic loading conditions has been studied. Therefore, a series laboratory of cyclic triaxial test on peat soil carried out to determine the effect of cyclic loading to the peat soil behavior after subjecting to cyclic loading is presented. In this study, the frequencies applied for the dynamic testing on the peat soil samples were focused and simulated on traffic vehicle loading frequencies, earthquakes and machine operations. Peat soil sample used from Parit Nipat, Malaysia (PNpt) with natural moisture content, m = 603% and liquid limit of w l = 231%. A series of undrained cyclic triaxial test were performed on undisturbed peat soil sample under isotropically consolidated specimens. In addition, the strain of amplitude applied is 0.1% to investigate the effectiveness of large strain amplitude response by allowing the generation of cyclic pore pressure and developed stress-strain cycle during cyclic loading. Correspondingly, the undrained Young's modulus of the undrained shear strength subjected to cyclic loading in this study in the range of 60 to 70 for hemic peat soil. The specimen loaded into specific frequency causes in reduction of Young's modulus related to stiffness and more pronounced in softening behaviour. The hysteresis-loops profile with regard to E parameters from 1 st cycle to 100 th cycles of Young's modulus, E (MPa) for PNpt degrades precisely to an applied effective stress, 0.4 MPa (25 kPa) and 0.4 MPa (50 kPa). Cyclic loading frequencies resulted in decreases of the Young's Modulus of peat soil that related to stiffness and more pronounced in softening behaviour. The result indicates that a reduction effect in the stress-strain cycle occurs in a peat soil from the initial stage of cyclic loading towards the end of 100 th cycles due to the repeated loading application.

Article InfoIt is known that peat soil is highly compressible. A constituent of peat soil from Klias, Sabah covering a wide range of index properties of fiber contents, specific gravity, organic contents and moisture contents were subjected to one-dimensional consolidation tests. This paper presents the engineering properties and compressibility behavior of sapric type of tropical peat soil. In this role, the high compressibility of Klias peat stands out as a most significant engineering property. With this intention, the purpose of this paper is to provide a simple and analytical means for predicting the consolidation settlement of sapric peat deposit under loading. The rate of primary compression, after a certain time. Increases with the logarithm of time. Loading applied from low stress to high stresses started from 2, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 kPa resulting in high compression index, Cc and ratio, C'c. The Klias peat soil represented sapric type of tropical peat with organic content is 98.43% and lower fiber content which is about 18% of the specimen. Compressibility index Cc, Coefficient of consolidation Cv, and Compression index, Cc, was identified as a crucial component of parameters in determination of settlements behaviour of peat soil. The coefficient of consolidation, Cv, was determined within the range of 1.264 to 12.911 cm 2 /min and requires special considerations in laboratory testing procedures and interpretation of results.

Tropical country like Malaysia is rich with residual soil and nurtured with high rainfall amount on average 2,550 mm per year. From 2009 until 2018, there are many landslide events reported in the news at Ranau, Sabah and Canada Hill Miri, Sarawak that occurred during rainy season and the landslide recurs within same location over the years. The objective of this study is to determine the relationship of landslide events with geological condition and rainfall at Ranau, Sabah and Canada Hill Miri, Sarawak. Historical landslide data were obtained from local news, previous researchers, and local authorities. Integrated review was conducted to meet the objective. In summary, both areas are prone to landslide due to the high average amount rainfall recorded and the geological properties that are susceptible to landslide occurrence namely shale interbedded with sandstone. Sandstone and shale contact are easily accessible by water weaken the contact surface lead to landslides incidents. Besides, Shale classified as highly plastic soil due to high amount of clay. Clay soil depends on its matric suction to sustain its strength towards sliding. Thus, increasing of pore pressure from rain infiltration reduce the matric suction and eventually reduce the shear strength. Ranau is located at seismically active area compare to Miri and other locations in Sabah crossing Lobou-Lobou fault, Mensaban fault and Mesilou fault. Theoretically, slope instability due to earthquake happened because the cementation of soil may be broken and lead to lesser roughness between soil surfaces resulting in reduction of internal friction angle and cohesion of soil. HIGHLIGHTS Rainfall-induced landslides are the common landslides phenomenon worldwide including East Malaysia. However, due to the high number of seismic activity, Earthquake-induced landslides should not be neglected as one of slope failure phenomena in East Malaysia Combinations of both Rainfall and Earthquake are required to be investigated due to the presence of both landslide triggering factors from historical data at East Malaysia GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

A geophysical survey including electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), induced polarization (IP), and seismic refraction (SR) was carried out to estimate peatland thickness in Beaufort District, Eastern Malaysia. Peatlands are important natural carbon storage and play a key role in the global carbon cycle. The ERT and IP studies were performed along three profiles over different peat thicknesses using Schlumberger configuration. The SR survey was carried out using vertical geophones along the same profiles. The peat soil material was characterized by low seismic velocity and high resistivity. Our results show that ERT and IP methods were able to clearly detect the interface between the peat soil and marine clay underneath. These layers differ greatly in geoelectrical characteristics showing clear contrast, thus enabling the delineation of peat soil stratigraphy, while the SR image obtained was not able to determine the base of the peat soil layer as the stiffness difference on the transition layer was very small. Overall, it was concluded that the ERT and IP method offer a useful alternative in delineating the peat soil stratigraphy. The combined application of ERT and IP method with the conventional boring method meets the demand for large volume peat stratigraphy mapping, which, moreover, has various ecological conditions and undulating strata.

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