Pre-earthquake physical and chemical interactions in the earth's ground may cause anomalies in latent heat flux, air and surface temperature. Earthquakes occur when the energy accumulated in rocks releases. Sometimes, the movements of the ground cause ruptures in the earth's surface and sometimes the two sides of an existing fault shift towards each other. In a structurally complex and inhomogeneous collision region such as the Iranian Plateau, seismicity is not the result of activity of a single fault but is due to energy discharge in fault zones hundreds of kilometers wide. Changes in latent heat flux and temperature, on and above the earth's surface can be detected with thermal infrared (TIR) sensors such as NOAA-AVHRR, Terra/Aqua-MODIS, etc. Spatio-temporal distributions of surface latent heat flux (SLHF) and air temperature before and after two recent earthquakes in Iran have been studied. Anomalous patterns of higher SLHF formed a few days before the earthquakes of 20 Dec 2010 (6M) and 27 Jan 2011(6.5M) occurred in Kerman province and disappeared after the main events. Data analyses revealed at least 2-4 °C rises in air temperature along the nearby fault zone, as well. These changes were also in accordance with the abnormal relative humidity over the region. Significant rises in SLHF and air temperature may lead us to understand the energy exchange mechanism during the earthquakes. These anomalies prior to impending earthquakes can be attributed to the thermodynamic, degassing and ionization processes which are believed to be activated by the accumulated stress in the ground, insensible movements of the tectonic blocks, and micro-fracturing in the rocks especially along area's active faults. Continuous monitoring of these potential precursors helps in differentiating earthquake related variations from seasonal changes and atmospheric effects.

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Sudden, violent movement of the earth's surface resulted of the release of energy into the atmosphere can destroy cities and claim lives. With the recent advances in space-borne data collecting methods which have made it possible monitoring the earth surface with different sensors, scientists are now able to better study the causes and signs of Earthquakes. Current researches are moving in the direction of pre-earthquake deformation detection. In order to make successful prediction all the related data must be collected from different space-borne sensors and ground-based stations. Past earthquakes should also be investigated for any phenomena that can occur before an earthquake. Surface deformation data are provided by GPS and SAR imaging, land surface temperature changes by ASTER, Landsat TM and ETM, different types of cloud studies using MODIS and Seawifs data, electromagnetic and ionosphere anomalies by ground passive stations and radon gas emissions in the faults areas by solid on the ground detectors. In this paper we tried to gather complete and helpful information of earthquake precursors which have been studied until now.

Purpose -The matter of predicting disasters has always been one of the hottest and most challenging tasks in geology. Earthquakes are among the most destructive ones among all the natural hazards. Occurring often without any warning, they are the most feared and unpredictable natural phenomena. In recent years with the emergence of new remote sensing instruments and techniques, geologists interested themselves to define accurate and reliable procedures to foresee disasters using this new technology. This paper aims to examine some of the data that have been used so far in earthquake prediction as well as cheap, relevant remotely sensing and geographic information systems methods to acquire and manipulate data. Design/methodology/approach -Earthquakes are not the same in terms of origins, places (depth) and effects. So after having a brief look at the earthquakes, this paper examines the data that can be used for predicting earthquakes and reviews some of the remote sensing methods used to predict tectonic earthquakes. According to the types of measurements, remote sensing methods can be categorized in three main types; crust displacement, thermal and electromagnetic detecting techniques. Regarding the area's geological characteristics, satellites with optical and/or synthetic aperture radar sensors applications in prediction of large-scale natural disasters will be discussed. Findings -Presentation of the definitions and characteristics of earthquakes, categorized representation of the types of data used in this field as well as the types and names of the ground, aerial-and space-borne data providers are the most important products of this review paper. Originality/value -This method, if fully and systematically conducted, can be the cornerstone of an earth-predicting system.