Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the central players in innate immunity. In particular, TLR9 initiates inflammatory response by recognizing DNA, imported by infection or released from tissue damage. Inflammation is, however, harmful to terminally differentiated organs, such as the heart and brain, with poor regenerative capacity, yet the role of TLR9 in such nonimmune cells, including cardiomyocytes and neurons, is undefined. Here we uncover an unexpected role of TLR9 in energy metabolism and cellular protection in cardiomyocytes and neurons. TLR9 stimulation reduced energy substrates and increased the AMP/ATP ratio, subsequently activating AMPactivated kinase (AMPK), leading to increased stress tolerance against hypoxia in cardiomyocytes without inducing the canonical inflammatory response. Analysis of the expression profiles between cardiomyocytes and macrophages identified that unc93 homolog B1 (C. elegans) was a pivotal switch for the distinct TLR9 responses by regulating subcellular localization of TLR9. Furthermore, this alternative TLR9 signaling was also found to operate in differentiated neuronal cells. These data propose an intriguing model that the same ligand-receptor can concomitantly increase the stress tolerance in cardiomyocytes and neurons, whereas immune cells induce inflammation upon tissue injury.

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BHCG (beta-676, p<0.001) predicted total motile sperm count changes. Lesion vascularity predicted total sperm number changes (beta 0.4, p<0.008). Tumour stage predicted sperm count changes (beta 0.35, p<0.04).CONCLUSIONS: Based on our analysis, we identified four significant predictors of preoperative sperm count changes, namely LDH, BHCG, lesion vascularity and tumour stage. These findings can forecast and guide further fertility planning for these patients in terms of sperm cryopreservation and surgical sperm retrieval, i.e., OncoTese.

Median baseline age was 54 years old and mean surgical time was 148,3 min. UTI or surgical site infection were related in 33%. From the 132 cases, 26 (19.7%) required a new procedure in less 6-month interval with an overall success rate of 80.3%. Infection, urinary retention and early de novo stricture were failure causes 33%, 7% and 60% respectively. Most patients (56%) performed a buccal mucosa graft and were included in 12 of 15 cases in failure group. The latex and silicone group had a success rate of 74 and 84.1% respectively. A 0.022 p value observed a better success rate in silicone group after Fisher's exact test.CONCLUSIONS: Use of silicone catheters has shown a better success rate in this prospective randomized study in spite of the literature similarity with the latex catheters. Short term use, absence of UTI and type of procedure might be possible factors related to better surgical results.