Several studies exist in the literature that utilized metaheuristics and nature-inspired algorithms to solve engineering problems. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a well-known nature-inspired algorithm that has been used for different optimization problems due to its simplicity and ability to find near-optimal solutions. However, PSO suffers from a problem of balancing between the global search and local search abilities when applied to engineering problems. Recently, a new variant of PSO based on a novel multi-swarm architecture called Multi-swarm Particle Swarm Optimization (MPSO) was proposed. The proposed MPSO was evaluated on solving normal and large-scale problems. This study evaluated the possibility of using MPSO to simulate Welded Beam Design (WDB) problem which is a mechanical engineering problem. Several simulations were performed using the proposed approach and from the results, MPSO model was observed to simulate WBD problem with better optimal solution compared to the standalone PSO. The outcome of this study further confirmed the robustness of the MPSO over the other known metaheuristics. Generally, MPSO achieved an excellent optimization performance with a fast convergence learning process.

Routing protocols is a mechanism of detecting best route path from single node to multiple nodes or signal node in order to transfer data between network and it specify how routing techniques in routers communicate between routers to accomplish communication tasks. A simulation was done to compare some protocols such as ““RIP””, ““OSPF”” and “EIGRB’ to determine the best routing protocol at a specific given network topology for IoT applications. The main problem there is a different routing protocols was developed each has its performance among different IoT applications. As well a simulation was required to detect the perfect routing protocol required for IoT applications. In this project a simulation of “IoT” network that serve the “IoT” applications using different routing protocols such as ““RIP””, ““OSPF”’ and “EIGRB” and an evaluation to the performance of each routing technique was to decide which is the best routing for “IoT” applications. Opnet modular was used to implement the simulation and it is found that the ““IGRP”” has the fastest router convergence among the three protocols we are testing.

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