Today's energy consumption is one of the most important causes of pollution around the world. Considering the building sector consumes the most energy, it should be seriously considered. In order to provide thermal comfort inside a building, energy is consumed, which can be managed using tools such as louvers that allow solar radiation to pass through the windows while reducing the amount of consumed energy. The goal of this paper is to find the optimal features for shading device of fixed louvers for the east, west, and south facades of the office building at Hakim Sabzevari University in terms of thermal efficiency using parametric analysis. For one year, three rooms on three floors of this building with window louvers at different depths, angles, and distances were thermally simulated with EnergyPlus software and the HoneyBee plugin in addition to the Galapagos plugin for optimization. Based on the optimized samples, it is possible to reduce the thermal energy consumption by 32.34%, 23.71%, and 30.2%, respectively using the ideal louvers on the east, south, and west facades. In terms of thermal efficiency, the distance between the blinds on the south facade and the angle between them on the east and west facades of a window louver are the most significant factors.

Within the Asia Pacific region, Malaysias WAWASAN 2020 creates the vision of being a green country. Accordingly, the Malaysian Government has established the mission of reducing the carbon emission. The programs include the projects targeting the energy efficiency and saving within the housing and residential buildings that must meet the Green Building criteria to achieve the sustainable architectural design. Renewable energy sources, like wind or solar energy, can be used to ventilate. The review of previous researchers shows that the use of the natural ventilation system decreases the electricity consumption of a simulated housing in the hot and humid climatic conditions such as Malaysia. The purpose of this research is a review of consumes renewable energies such as solar energy and wind for passive cooling. To test the benefit of natural ventilation system, this paper reviewed some analysis that had used simulation software such as CFD.

Most designers and energy resources managers today are concerned about the multiplicity of buildings in which energy considerations have not been taken into account. The result is the bioenvironmental and energy crises. Also, the uncontrolled consumption of energy in buildings is associated with both the risk of putting an end to non-renewable energy resources and an increase in the maintenance costs. Previous research suggests that turning courtyard into atrium can be an appropriate solution by lowering the wastage of thermal energy. In educational settings such as universities, the greenhouse effect of an atrium in cold seasons can be an appropriate alternative for keeping the adjacent spaces warm and lowering the use of thermal systems. The present study was conducted to determine the rate of decrease in thermal energy consumption by covering the courtyard using an energy simulator on the building of the faculty of engineering at Hakim Sabzevari University, Iran. In order to prevent the greenhouse effect of the atrium in warm seasons, skylights are installed for letting the air out. Based on the simulation of atrium and courtyard models, the results showed that the heating load of the courtyard model is much higher than the atrium model in winter. Consequently, the heating function of the Faculty building improved by 27% when converted to atrium model.Keyword-Atrium, Courtyard, Energy use, Hakim University, Sabzevar I. INTRODUCTION The energy efficiency of built environment in urban areas plays an important part in lowering the problems of climate change, resource diminution, and environmental challenges at large [1]. Building energy consumption level will be on the rise in near future [2]. According to [3], due to higher contemporary living standards and rapid urbanization, the energy-consuming appliances such as air conditioners and urban building areas will lead to an increase in energy consumption by human beings [3]. In order to reduce the wastage of energy, transitional spaces are generally considered for receiving natural light and air [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Throughout the history, human beings have used such spaces for over 5000 years [11,12], and different types of these have been introduced for various purposes. These spaces may include a multiplicity of spaces from a balcony and a corridor to a courtyard or an atrium.Transition zones may be assumed as architectural spaces where the indoor and outside climate is moderated without applying HVAC systems. Consequently, those living in such buildings may experience the dynamic effects of changes in the outdoor climate. In addition, transitional spaces variously interact with the outdoor environment depending on the climate.In a relative study, Aldawoud and Clark [13] searched the thermal performance of the same geometric proportions of atrium and courtyard for four diverse climate types; they concluded that courtyard displayed better for low rise buildings, but noticed the closed atrium much better for longer buildings. According to Aldawoud and Clark [...

This paper attempts to show the geometric effects of a courtyard under the force of hot and dry climates. A courtyard house is an internal open space around which all the habitable rooms are clustered. The main objective is to review the effects of courtyard geometry on changing the energy consumption of courtyard buildings in order to decrease the emissions of CO2.Literature review on courtyard in hot and dry climate suggest various type of the evaluation of previous results proves that the orientation and the proportions are two important factors for the amount of acquired solar energy in courtyard buildings in order to reduce energy consumption in hot-dry regions. They should be considered in the design stage where the designers can take full advantage. Future, can also be established guidelines for efficient courtyard design in Yazd to reduce energy consumption.

Considering the global energy crisis and the need to reduce energy consumption while providing thermal comfort to occupants, building performance prediction using building simulation programs requires higher accuracy of output data. Therefore, it seems necessary to study the impact of occupant behavior, which is the main source of uncertainty in residential buildings. The traditional courtyard houses, which are recognized as a successful passive house model, respond to different climatic conditions. Therefore, this research focuses on this building type to analyze occupant window opening control scenarios and determine which control works better. For this purpose, several probabilistic controls and their effects on the adaptive thermal comfort of occupants in zones around a central courtyard were compared in the three cities of Yazd, Bandar Abbas, and Tabriz. Energy Plus was used as a simulation program for the application of Grasshopper's energy management system (EMS) along with the Ladybug and Honeybee environmental plugins. The results show that the window control algorithms can increase the adaptive thermal comfort of occupants by 25.7%, 32.2%, and 20.3% in each of the climates of Yazd, Bandar Abbas, and Tabriz cities, respectively. Indoor and outdoor temperature were the most significant variables for opening windows in the warm and cold seasons, respectively.