BACKGROUNDThe aim of the study is to determine self-efficacy of young adults across stages of waterpipe cessation. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis cross-sectional study was conducted with participation of 1012 students from Shahid Beheshti University in Iran. Data was collected within two months from May to July 2016 using a self-administered questionnaire that consisted of three parts including demographic variables, stages of change for waterpipe cessation (derived from Prochaska and DiClemente), and self-efficacy. Validity and reliability of questionnaire was assessed and approved by appropriate methods. Data was analysed by SPSS 19 using chi-square, t-test, ANOVA, and Univariate test. RESULTSThe mean age of participants in this study was 21.37 ± 2.76 years. Out of 1012 students, 345 participants (34.1 %) had a history of waterpipe smoking at least once. In addition, current waterpipe smoking in students was 26.28%. Overall 267 students (77.4%) were categorised in passive stages (precontemplation, contemplation and preparation) and 78 students (22.6%) in active stages of waterpipe cessation (action and maintenance). The mean score of self-efficacy had a significant relationship with stages of change (p<.001), gender (p=007), residence status (p=.013), and the type of smoking (p=.041). CONCLUSIONConsidering the high prevalence of waterpipe smoking in students, negative intention toward cessation, and low self-efficacy for waterpipe smoking cessation amongst students, we suggest informative interventions about hazards of waterpipe smoking to be done to increase self-efficacy and resistance to peer pressure. KEYWORDSHookah, Self-efficacy, Smoking. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Latifi A, Mohammadi S, Barkhordari A, et al. Self-efficacy of young adults across stages of waterpipe cessation-A model-based cross-sectional study. J. Evolution Med. Dent. Sci. 2017;6(92):6545-6550, DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2017/1419 BACKGROUND Smoking is a worldwide public health problem and is estimated that in 2020 will cause more than 10 million deaths around the world. 1,2 Waterpipe as one of the oldest ways for smoking now is a growing problem especially in the East Mediterranean countries including Arabic countries, Turkey and Iran. 3 Since the late 1990s, waterpipe has been considered as a cheap and social method especially among urban youth and students. 4 'Financial or Other Competing Interest': None. Submission 25-10-2017, Peer Review 18-11-2017, Acceptance 24-11-2017, Published 04-12-2017. Corresponding Author: Mehdi Khezeli, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran. E-mail: khezelimehdi@yahoo.com DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2017/1419 The prevalence of waterpipe consumption in some studies around the world has been reported from 12.3% to 32%. [5][6][7] Several studies conducted in Iran show that the prevalence of waterpipe in Iranian students is alarming. [8][9][10][11] This is a general belief that waterpipe smoking is less harmful than cigarettes but the fact is that waterpipe smoking is not a healthy alternative for cigare...

BACKGROUND Breast self-examination is an important, inexpensive and easy method to detect breast cancer and is recommended monthly for women who are twenty years old and above. This study aimed to investigate the stages of changes, breast self-examination practice and related beliefs in women of Gilan-e Gharb city. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study was conducted with the participation of 299 literate women of Gilan-e Gharb city in 2015. The data were collected using a questionnaire including demographics, health beliefs and stages of behaviour change and questions related to the breast self-examination. A ten-step checklist was used to measure the accuracy of breast self-examination. The reliability and validity of the instruments were assessed and verified using appropriate methods. The data were analysed by SPSS 19 using the measure of descriptive statistics, T-test, Chi-square, Pearson correlation coefficient and regression. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 32.9 ± 6.1 years. Generally, the distribution of individuals according to the breast self-exam stages was as follows: Pre-contemplation 22.1%, contemplation 25.7%, preparation 22.9%, action 4.3% and maintenance 25%. People who conducted a regular breast self-examination had higher self-efficacy, perceived susceptibility and accuracy scores (p<.005). Stages of change, self-efficacy and perceived barriers were the most important predictors of breast self-exam in this study (p-value= .001). CONCLUSION The results showed that the majority of the participants do not implement regular breast self-examination and has been placed in passive stages of behaviour change. Stages of change, self-efficacy and perceived barriers were the most important predictors of breast self-exam in this study.

BACKGROUNDConsumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with the reduction of many chronic diseases. Transtheoretical model is one of the most common models used for studies on nutrition. The objective of this study is to evaluate the processes of change across stages of change for fruits and vegetables consumption. MATERIALS AND METHODS600 literate women of Gilan-e-Gharb city (a west part of Iran) who were selected by random sampling method participated in this cross-sectional study. Data gathering tools was a questionnaire that consisted of 30 questions which included demographic (n= 5), stages of change (n= 5) and processes of change (n= 20) as well as 24 hours recall questionnaire for fruits and vegetables consumption. We assessed the internal consistency questions using Cronbach's Alpha and validity by S-CVI. Statistical analysis used: Data were analysed by SPSS 19 using the T-test, ANOVA and Chi-square. RESULTSThe majority of subjects (89.5%) belonged to the passive stages of change (pre-contemplation, contemplation and preparation) and only 10.5 percent were in active stages (action and maintenance). Average daily consumption of fruits and vegetables was 3.4 ± 0.96 servings, which was lowest in pre-contemplators and increased until the maintenance stage (p < .001). Mean score of cognitive and behavioural processes were higher in maintenance stage and lower in pre-contemplation stage. CONCLUSIONGiven the important role of the cognitive and behavioural processes in promoting people from passive stages to active stages of change, we suggest implementation of these processes by using appropriate strategies in educational intervention for promoting consumption of fruits and vegetables. KEYWORDS

Post-Development, a body of transitional imaginaries, is not homogenous, neither in its critique, nor in the alternatives proposed. Given that the term ‘development’ is already highly contentious, the question of what ‘alternatives to development’ might be, becomes difficult to respond to. In this article, we argue that Post-Development can assume many faces that are highly dependent upon their conceptual and geographical contexts. In analysing practices of resistance, contestation and subversion in Tanzania, Iran and Haiti we investigate in what ways various forms of peasant and community organising can be considered transformative and non-hegemonic. In exploring their common ground, we attempt to examine in what ways strategies of reciprocity, solidarity and commoning in different geographical locations and contexts can be understood as means of survival and/or as efforts to provide alternative pathways for societal and economic transformation.

BACKGROUND It is highly recommended to promptly assess motivation and readiness to change in individuals who wish to achieve significant lifestyle behaviour changes in order to improve their health. In particular, motivation should be assessed in those who face the difficulty in behavioural changes. This study is aimed to investigate the mediating effects of self-efficacy on the relationships between predicting variables and outcome variable using the Transtheoretical Model. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted with the participation of 300 nursing and midwifery staffs employed in hospitals of Ardabil city, which were selected by systematic random sampling method. The data gathering tool was a Transtheoretical Model scale. Validity and reliability was confirmed in previous study. The data were analysed by SPSS 19 using the descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation test and Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis. RESULTS In total, 41.34% of the samples had normal BMI. The majority of subjects (77.3%) were in the early stages of change for fruit and vegetable consumption and only 22.7 percent were located in active stages. Regression revealed that self-efficacy was the strongest predictor of stage of change (β= 0.357, P= 0.001) and mediated the relationships of behavioural processes with stages of change (β= 0.369, P= 0.001). CONCLUSION This study showed a strong correlation between self-efficacy, decisional balance and processes of change with stages of change. So, we suggest that in order to promoting the fruit and vegetable consumption, these variables be considered as the basis of the interventional program. Also considering the mediating effect of self-efficacy as the strongest predictor, we suggest a targeted and appropriate application of this variable in the interventions.