In the recent past, cell phones have emerged to be among the leading outlawed contemporary contrabands in correctional facilities around the globe. Although official statistics on the number of contraband cell phones globally remains elusive, searches by prison officials project a worrisome trend. At Naivasha Maximum Prison, it is estimated that 30% of the inmates possess one cell phone. Existing studies are more inclined to how phones are smuggled, who smuggle them and their impact on rehabilitation of offenders. Limited studies have been carried out to examine the security threats posed by smuggling and use of cell phones into the prisons. One school of thought argues that cell phones are smuggled into prisons and used by inmates for a good course including communicating with their significant others and for leisure. The other school of thought argues that they are used to commit crimes and thus a source of insecurity to officers, inmates and the members of public. This paper is guided by three specific objectives; to examine security threats prison officers are prone to due to smuggling and use of cell phones at the prison; to examine security threats inmates are prone to due to smuggling and use of cell phones at the prison and finally to examine security threats members of public are prone to due to smuggling and use of cell phones at the prison. The study employed descriptive research design. The unit of analysis was an individual prison officer. A sample size of 182 respondents was drawn from a population of 507 junior prison officers using simple random sampling technique. Primary data was collected through questionnaires. The results of this study indicated that prison officers are prone to physical injuries (38.92%), ambushes during escorts (29.94%) and espionage (20.35%). Inmates were prone to physical attacks (46.78%), electronic fraud (26.28%) and exploitation (21.79%). Members of public were prone to electronic fraud (74.40%) and kidnappings (40.47%). This current study concluded that cell phones in prison facilities pose significant security threats to prison officers, inmates and the members of public. These security threats are therefore of national concern. This study will add to existing body of knowledge on prisons and address policy gaps that exists in controlling cell phones in prison facilities.

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The study aimed at exploring the common types of crime and deviance among university students in Kenya, the case of Njoro Campus, Egerton University. A sample of 67 undergraduate students was drawn from eight (8) faculties at various levels of academics. The study found that theft and drug and alcohol abuse were the most common crimes while sexual immorality was the most common type of deviance action committed by students. The study concluded that opportunity crimes and deviance were the most rampant in Njoro Campus of Egerton University. Such crimes and deviance are facilitated by the presence of suitable targets, presence of motivated offenders and absence of capable guardians to guard against actions of crime and deviance. The study recommended that the problem of crime and deviance is real in the university and stern measures need to be taken by the university management to get the situation under control and reduce levels of crime and deviance for a more tolerable environment for all students. The study also recommended that thorough investigations should be done on cases of crime and deviance and those found guilty punished accordingly. The security department should work closely with Njoro Police Station especially on serious offences committed both inside and outside the university space such as external drug peddling. This is to serve a stern warning to any other students who may wish to commit such a crime. 521alternatives in tertiary education system. Thus, in the race for survival, many students break the codes of social conduct and ethical considerations. These scenarios provide a perfect ground for students to take part in crime and deviance.

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This study sought to investigate factors that affected integration between resettled persons and the host community in Rongai Location, Nakuru County, Kenya. The study employed purposive and stratified random sampling in selecting the sample size of 196 respondents. The study was guided by the Acculturation model which explains the conditions that need to be embraced by the host and resettled persons for effective community integration and participation in socio-economic livelihoods. The study employed a Survey Design and data was collected through interview schedules. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. According to the study, resource sharing, community trust, utilization of collective action, and dispute resolution mechanisms were all cited as important factors that could affect integration between the Host and the Resettled Persons. The study found that minimal resource sharing, low community trust, low utilization of collective action and adoption of divisive dispute resolution mechanisms all pointed to low integration between Resettled Persons and Host community. The study recommends for involvement of the hosting communities in decision making concerning resettlement and resource allocation for Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in the resettlement process.  The study also recommends the application of legal framework in resettlement and reintegration. This includes using the guidelines provided for in the Kenya’s National Policy on the Prevention of Internal Displacement, Protection and Assistance to Internally Displaced Persons of August 2011 and The UN Guiding Principles on Reintegration (UGPR).